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"reduction Mecanique A. Collas Brevete"

"Reduction Mecanique A. Collas Brevete" stamped onto a raised disk on a statue translates as "Mechanical Reduction, A. Collas Patent", referring to the patented method used to reduce the sculptures from their original size. Achille Collas (1795–1859) was a French engineer, inventor, writer and engraver who in 1836 developed a pantograph style machine which enabled him to reduce sculptures to a smaller scale. In 1838, he started a company together with Ferdinand Barbedienne, who was experienced in foundry techniques, to produce reduced copies of sculptures in materials including plaster, wood, bronze and ivory. Following the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London where the company received a special medal, and the Exposition Universelle in Paris when Collas was awarded the Grand Médaille d'Honneur the sculptures became increasingly popular and by 1892 had over 600 employees. The company, Société Collas et Barbedienne continued in production until 1954.

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A/f, as Inspected

The letters "A/F" or "as inspected" as part of a description is the cataloguer's shorthand for "all faults" or "as found", meaning the item has some type of damage or deficiency, it is of uncertain date or provenance, and/or that the seller takes no responsibility for the completeness of the item or the accuracy of the description.

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Aaron Scythe

Aaron Scythe is a New Zealand potter who is known for his hybrid of cultural influences. His work reflects both his New Zealand and M?ori heritage, as well as his time living in Japan.

Scythe was born in Auckland, New Zealand in 1967. He first became interested in pottery at a young age, and got a job pouring slip into molds as a teenager. In 1988, he moved to Sydney, Australia to study ceramics at the East Sydney Tech Ceramic School. There, he was introduced to older Japanese and Korean pots, which had a profound impact on his work.

In 1993, Scythe moved to Japan to further his studies. He lived in Mashiko, a pottery town in Tochigi Prefecture, and studied under Koie Ryoji, a master potter. During this time, he developed his skills in wood-firing and glazes, and began to develop his own unique style.

Scythe returned to New Zealand in 2011, and lives and works in Whanganui. He has had over 60 solo exhibitions in Japan, and his work has also been shown in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. He is a recipient of the New Zealand Potters' Trust Purchase Award, and his work is held in private collections around the world.

In addition to his work as a potter, Scythe is also a teacher and lecturer. He has taught at the East Sydney Tech Ceramic School, the New Zealand School of Fine Arts, and the Whanganui School of Arts. He is also a regular workshop leader at art centres and festivals around New Zealand.

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Aboriginal Artefacts

Aboriginal art and artefact collecting goes back to early first contact times. In fact local Aboriginals around Sydney use to trade artefacts with visiting ships from the earliest days.

Curio collecting has always been part of early exploration of the new world. Ceremonial adornment items that were made of perishable material were not preserved for future use and so early examples are very collectable. Early shields, clubs and boomerangs that were cherished as favourites and had developed a deep colour and patina are preferred.

Historical items that were collected by early notable pioneers, explorers or anthropologists are of high interest to collectors. Some areas are collected because the artistic expression makes them more appealing when displayed.

Production of artefacts has never ceased and are still made today for sale.

Some examples of collectable Aboriginal artefacts are:

• Boomerangs: A type of curved wooden tool used for hunting and warfare, as well as a recreational tool.
• Didgeridoos: A long wooden instrument used for music and ceremonies.
• Woomeras: A type of spear-throwing device that was used in hunting.
• Coolamons: A shallow wooden dish used for carrying food and water.
• Message sticks: A carved stick used as a communication tool between different Indigenous groups.
• Possum skin cloaks: A type of cloak made from possum fur that was worn for warmth and ceremonial purposes.
• Bark paintings: A type of art made from bark that is painted with traditional designs and stories. Bark painting production started in mass in the 1950's and were sold via missionary shops. The earlier barks are more sought after. Now with many of the early artists and their roll in the maintenance of culture recognized, these barks are seen as important expressions of a past lifestyle. refer to objects and artifacts that are created by Indigenous Australians, and are significant in their culture and history.
• Stone tools: A variety of stone tools were used by Indigenous Australians for various tasks such as hunting and preparing food.

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Abraham-Louis Breguet

Breguet is a luxury watch and clock manufacturer that was founded by Abraham-Louis Breguet in 1775. Breguet is considered one of the most important figures in the history of horology, and his watches and clocks are known for their technical excellence, innovative design, and exceptional craftsmanship.

Abraham-Louis Breguet was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland in 1747 and began his career as a watchmaker in Paris. He quickly established himself as one of the most talented and innovative watchmakers of his time, and his watches were highly sought after by the French royal court, as well as by wealthy and influential individuals from all over Europe.

Breguet's most notable invention is the tourbillon, which is a mechanism that compensates for the effects of gravity on the balance wheel of a mechanical watch. This invention was patented in 1801 and it was the first of many innovations that Breguet would develop throughout his career. m-Louis Breguet

Breguet also developed other innovations such as the gong spring for the striking mechanism, the “pare-chute” shock protection system and the “sympathique” clock that could set a watch. He also introduced the “perpétuelle” self-winding mechanism, the first in the world.

After Breguet's death in 1823, the company continued to produce watches and clocks of the highest quality, and it remained in the Breguet family for several generations. Today, Breguet is a brand of the Swatch Group and it is still considered one of the most prestigious and respected watch manufacturers in the world, known for its high-quality craftsmanship and timeless design.

Many of the watches and clocks produced by Breguet are considered to be some of the most valuable and highly prized examples of horology.

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Acanthus

A stylized leaf motif, one of the primary decorative elements of classical Greek and Roman architecture, derived from the genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Mediterranean area. It is a common element in classical Greek and Roman design, and is often seen in Corinthian and Composite order columns and used as a decorative element in English, European and Australian furniture, particularly on the curve of a leg, and as decoration for a corbel.

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Achille Castiglioni

Achille Castiglioni (1918-2002) was an Italian industrial designer and architect. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and important figures in Italian design of the 20th century. He was known for his innovative and functional designs, as well as his ability to blend modern technology with traditional craftsmanship.

Castiglioni studied at the Politecnico di Milano and began his career as an architect. However, he quickly became interested in industrial design and began working on a wide range of projects, from furniture and lighting to consumer electronics and household appliances.

One of his most famous designs is the Arco lamp, a floor lamp designed in 1962. It featured a marble base and an adjustable steel arch that held an adjustable light. It is considered a timeless and classic design that still in production today.

Throughout his career, Castiglioni won numerous awards and honors for his work, including the prestigious Compasso d'Oro award, which he received on several occasions. His work continues to be widely admired and his designs are considered to be some of the most iconic and enduring of the 20th century.

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Ackermann, Rudolph

Rudolph Ackermann (1764 - 1834) was born in Saxony and is best known as a publisher of decorative coloured prints in London.

His early career demonstrated an entrepreneurial bent that was to lead to his success as a businessman in London.

At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a saddler, and three years later moved to Dresden to train as a (horse-driven) carriage designer.

He later lived in Switzerland, France and Belgium for short periods, before moving to London in 1787.

He set up a successful business as a coach designer and decorator and in 1795 diversified his interest to include publishing and bookselling. His first decorative hand-coloured prints appeared in 1797. His output included political and social caricatures by leading artists of the day.

From 1809-1829 he published "Ackermann's Repository of Arts", an illustrated annual British periodical which covered arts, literature, commerce, manufactures, fashions, and politics, and had great influence on English taste in fashion, architecture, and literature.

His most ambitious venture was "The Microcosm of London". Which was completed in 1810 in collaboration with leading artists of the day, and contained 104 large folio hand-coloured aquatints.

In the following years he published further volumes, again working with artists such as William Pyne, established branches of his business in several Central and South American cities, and set up a publishing business for his son, also called Rudolph, one of his nine children in Regent Street, London. This business was taken over by Rudolph Junior's son Arthur, and was later renamed Arthur Ackermann Ltd. and was trading as fine art dealers until 2011.

His death in 1834 was preceded by a stroke in 1833 which left him partly paralysed.

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Act of Parliament Clock / Tavern Clock

An "Act of Parliament Clock," also known as a "Tavern Clock," is a type of large wall clock that was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. These clocks were named after the 1797 Act of Parliament that required all public houses in England to display a clock in a prominent location so that patrons could keep track of the time while they were drinking. Tavern clocks typically had large faces with easy-to-read numerals, and they were often made of wood or metal. Some tavern clocks also had striking mechanisms that sounded the hour or half-hour. These clocks were used not only in taverns, but also in other public buildings such as town halls and market places.

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Adelaide Potteries

Adelaide Potteries was established in 1921 by George Frederick Ball, who had previously worked for the Adelaide Tile Company. The company initially produced a range of decorative and functional wares, including vases, urns, and jugs. Their products were primarily made from red clay and were often decorated with bold, colourful glazes in Art Deco and Art Nouveau styles.

In the 1930s, the company expanded its range to include figurines, animal models, and other novelty items. They also began to produce sanitary ware, such as toilet bowls and wash basins, for use in homes and public buildings.

During World War II, Adelaide Potteries produced items for the war effort, including hand grenades and other munitions. After the war, the company resumed its production of decorative and functional pottery, introducing new designs and glazes.

In the 1960s, Adelaide Potteries faced competition from cheaper imported ceramics and struggled to remain profitable. In 1975, the company was sold to Pacific Ceramics, a larger pottery company based in Sydney, which continued to produce some of Adelaide Potteries' designs under its own brand. In 2000, Pacific Ceramics was acquired by the hospitality and leisure group, Event Hospitality and Entertainment, which continues to operate the brand today.

Examples of the company's work can be found in the National Gallery of Australia and the Art Gallery of South Australia.

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Adie Brothers

Adie Brothers were a Birmingham-based silversmiths firm that was founded in 1879. The company was originally established by brothers Percy and Hubert Adie, and they quickly became known for their high-quality silverwork. In 1906, the Adie Brothers merged with the firm of McKewan & Adie, and the combined company became known as Adie Brothers Ltd.

Adie Brothers Ltd continued to produce high-quality silverwork throughout the 20th century. The company was particularly known for its vanity cases and mirrors, which were often decorated with guilloche enamel. Other wares included sterling silver teasets, condiment sets, cigarette cases, cigarette boxes, presentation cups, enamelled silver and deposit toiletware, gold cigarette cases and electro-plated ware.

The Adie Brothers firm ceased trading in the late 1960s. However, their work remains highly sought-after by collectors today. Adie Brothers silver is known for its exquisite craftsmanship and stunning designs, and it continues to be prized for its beauty and value.

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Adolf Loos

Adolf Loos (1870-1933) was an Austrian architect and designer, who is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. Born in Brno, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), Loos began his career as an apprentice in a stonemason's workshop before studying architecture in Dresden, Germany.

After completing his studies, Loos worked in various architectural offices in Vienna, where he quickly gained a reputation for his innovative designs and his rejection of the ornate and decorative style that was prevalent at the time. Loos believed that architecture should be functional and that excessive ornamentation was a waste of resources and a distraction from the building's purpose.

Adolf Loos was not only an architect but also a designer of furniture and lighting, and his work in these fields was just as innovative and influential as his architectural designs. Loos believed that design should be simple, functional, and free from excessive decoration, and this philosophy is evident in his furniture and lighting designs.

One of Loos's most famous furniture designs is the "Looshaus Chair" (1903), which is a classic example of his pared-down, minimalist style. The chair features a simple, rectangular wooden frame and a leather seat and backrest, and its clean lines and lack of ornamentation make it a timeless design.

He also designed a number of lighting fixtures, including the "Goldman and Salatsch Building Light Fixture" (1910), which is still produced today. The fixture consists of a simple brass or nickel-plated tube with a bulb at one end and a glass sphere at the other, and it was designed to be used in Loos's own building of the same name.

Loos died in Kalksburg, Austria in 1933.

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Adolphe Mouron, (a. M. Cassandre)

Adolphe Jean-Marie Mouron, known professionally as A. M. Cassandre, was born on January 24, 1901, in Kharkiv, Ukraine. He was the eldest son of French parents who had settled in Ukraine. Cassandre's father was an architect, and his mother was an artist. In 1915, the family moved back to Paris.

Cassandre attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the Académie Julian. He began his career as a graphic designer and poster artist in the 1920s. In 1923, he founded the design agency Alliance Graphique with two friends. He quickly gained a reputation for his innovative designs and became one of the leading figures of the Art Deco movement. His designs were characterized by their bold use of colour, geometric shapes, and the use of negative space. He was particularly skilled at using typography in his designs, often experimenting with new fonts and layouts. Some of his most famous posters include the Dubonnet, Normandie, and Nord Express posters.

In addition to his poster work, Cassandre also designed logos for companies such as Yves Saint Laurent and Perrier. He was also a prolific painter and created several important works in the Surrealist style. His career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, and he moved to the United States in 1939. He continued to work as a graphic designer and painter and taught at the New York School of Visual Arts.

Cassandre returned to France in 1946 and continued to work as a designer until his death on June 17, 1968, in Paris.

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Adrian Pearsall

Adrian Pearsall (1925 – 2011) was an American furniture designer known for his iconic mid-century modern designs during the 1950s and 1960s. Born in Trumansburg, New York in 1925, Pearsall was raised in an artistic family, and began his career in the furniture industry after serving in World War II.

He studied architectural engineering at the University of Illinois before opening his Pennsylvania furniture company, Craft Associates in 1952, and began designing and producing furniture that quickly gained popularity for its sleek, modern style. Pearsall's designs were characterized by their sculptural shapes and bold use of materials, including glass, brass, and exotic woods.

One of Pearsall's most famous designs is his "Gondola" sofa, which features a curved, asymmetrical shape that is both visually striking and comfortable to sit in; the "Cloud" sofa, the "Wave" chaise longue and the "Ribbon" table. Pearsall also designed a range of other furniture pieces, many of which are now considered iconic examples of mid-century modern design.

Throughout his career, Pearsall remained committed to creating high-quality furniture that was both stylish and functional. He passed away in 2011, but his designs continue to be sought after by collectors and enthusiasts of mid-century modern furniture.

Adrian Pearsall died on 6 September 2011 in Pennsylvania, United States.

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Aesthetic Movement

The Aesthetic movement was a cultural movement that emerged in Britain in the 1860s. It was characterized by a focus on aesthetics and the creation of beautiful, harmonious, and refined works of art, design, and literature. The Aesthetic movement was a rebellion against what was seen as the materialism of the industrial age, highlighted by the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was influenced by a number of artistic and cultural trends, including the Pre-Raphaelite movement, Japanese art, and the writings of John Ruskin and William Morris. The movement was associated with a number of prominent figures, including the artists and designers James McNeill Whistler and Oscar Wilde, and it had a significant impact on the development of art, architecture, and design in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement spread to the United States and in turn influenced both the Art Nouveau and Art Deco movements.

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Affortunato Gory

Affortunato Gory (1895-1925) was an Italian and French sculptor who specialized in Art Deco figurative sculpture. He was born in Florence, Italy, and studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti under Augusto Rivalta. In the early 20th century, he moved to Paris and continued his studies under Victorien-Antoine Bastet. He exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Français on multiple occasions, and his work is now held in museums and private collections around the world.

Gory's work is characterized by its elegant and graceful forms, often depicting young women and historical figures. He was also known for his use of mixed materials, such as bronze, ivory, and marble, to create stunning and visually appealing sculptures.

Gory's attention to detail and his sense of movement are also notable in his work. His sculptures often seem to be on the verge of coming alive, and they have a captivating quality that draws the viewer in.

Gory's untimely death in 1925 cut short a promising career, but his work continues to be admired by collectors and art lovers alike. His sculptures are a testament to his talent and skill as a sculptor, and they represent a significant contribution to the Art Deco movement.

Some of his notable works include Reclining Spring Allegory, La Danse, Bust of a Young Woman and La Femme au Serpent. His work can be found in the collections of Musée d'Orsay, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome and the Hermitage Museum.

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Afl and Vfl Memorabilia

The collection of Australian Football League (AFL) and

Victorian Football League (VFL) memorabilia includes items related to the

history and culture of these two football leagues. This could include items

such as player jerseys, game-worn gear, signed footballs, match-day programs,

trading cards, photographs, posters, and other promotional materials.

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Agate

Agate is a type of semi-precious gemstone that is made up of silica dioxide, a mineral that is also found in quartz. It is known for its distinctive banded patterns, which are created as layers of silica are deposited in different colours including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple. It is often used in jewellery, decorative objects, and other decorative items, and it is prized for its beauty and durability. Agate is found in many parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States.

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Aide Memoire

In the late 18th and 19th century, an aide memoire (French for "memory aid") was a notebook that recorded information that was important to the owner. The notebook was housed in a decorative case of silver, ivory, mother of pearl, lambskin, tortoise shell and other exotic materials. Sometimes the pages were of ivory so the notes could be erased and the pages reused. The aide-mémoire often included clips or chains that the owner could attach to their clothing or accessories.

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Air Twist

An air twist is a decorative feature found on some types of glassware, including Georgian drinking glasses. It is created by twisting the glass while it is being blown, which creates a spiral pattern of ridges or rings around the stem of the glass. The air twist is typically made by a skilled glassblower using a hot glass rod to shape the glass. It is a decorative feature that adds visual interest to the glass. Georgian glassware is known for its high quality and intricate design, and the air twist is just one of the many decorative elements that may be found on Georgian drinking glasses.

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Airzone

Airzone was founded in Sydney, Australia in 1925 by Claude Plowman and Edgar Sydney Wolfenden. They began by making crystal radios but soon moved onto developing valve radios. The company quickly grew, and after the introduction of tariff protection by the Commonwealth Government in 1930, Airzone and other radio manufacturers boosted production to make up for the declining number of imports from the United States.

Airzone relocated to Camperdown in 1931 to allow for greater production output and became known as Airzone Limited after floating on the Sydney Stock Exchange. During World War II, Airzone produced instruments for testing radar and electrical communications, assembled grenades, and made asdic equipment.

In 1946, Airzone was purchased by the Electricity Meter Manufacturing Company (EMMCO), which continued to produce radios under the Airzone name until the 1950s when transistorised sets became more common. EMAIL Limited, the parent company of EMMCO, was privatised and eventually taken over by Southcorp. Radio production for Airzone ended in 1955, and the company's divisions were split up and sold off.

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Alabaster

Alabaster is soft natural stone used for statuary, with a similar appearance to marble, but easier to work with. As it is softer than marble, an item made from alabaster can be scratched with a metal object, and an alabaster item does not polish to a high surface gloss like marble.

Alabaster objects can be semi-translucent. Alabaster occurs in a pure white form and also with veining from dirt. Colours vary from white through yellow and pink to brown. The veining is usually green or black but can be multicoloured.

Being semi-translucent, alabaster is often used for the bowls of figural lamps, with the figure itself being either alabaster or marble.

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Alan Caiger-Smith

Alan Caiger-Smith (1930 –2020) was a British ceramicist, studio potter and writer on pottery. He was one of the leading figures in the British studio pottery movement in the mid-20th century, and was particularly known for his work with lustreware.

He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, but his family moved to England when he was a child. He studied at the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts and read history at King's College, Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge, Caiger-Smith trained in pottery at the Central School of Art & Design under Dora Billington.

In 1955, Alan Caiger-Smith founded the Aldermaston Pottery in Berkshire, England. The pottery was a cooperative workshop of about seven potters making functional domestic ware and tiles, as well as individual commissions and one-off pots. Caiger-Smith was the leading figure at the pottery, and he developed a number of new techniques for producing lustreware. His work was highly influential, and he helped to revive the interest in lustreware in the mid-20th century. His work was exhibited in galleries all over the world, and he was awarded the MBE in 1988 for his services to pottery. He was also a prolific writer on pottery, and he published a number of books on the subject, including Lustre Pottery (1985), Tin-Glaze Pottery (1991) and The Making of Lustreware (2006).

Alan Caiger-Smith died in 2020 at the age of 90, leaving behind a legacy as one of the leading British potters of the 20th century.

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Alan Peascod

Alan Peascod is an Australian ceramicist who has gained international recognition for his innovative and highly expressive work. Peascod was born in 1947 in New South Wales, and he began his career as a potter in the early 1970s.

Peascod's work is known for its bold, dynamic forms and its use of vibrant colors and intricate patterns. His pieces often feature highly textured surfaces, which he achieves by layering different types of clay and experimenting with firing techniques.

Throughout his career, Peascod has been heavily influenced by Japanese ceramics and the works of the Mingei movement, which sought to elevate traditional craft techniques to the level of fine art. He has also been influenced by the work of mid-century modern designers such as Lucie Rie and Hans Coper, and his pieces often reflect a sense of playful experimentation and innovation.

Peascod's work has been exhibited in galleries and museums including the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He has also received numerous awards and honours for his contributions to the field of ceramics, including the Australia Council Fellowship and the Gold Medal at the World Ceramics Biennale in South Korea.

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Alberello Pharmacy Jar

An Italian alberello pharmacy jar is a type of ceramic jar that is traditionally used in Italy for storing and displaying pharmaceutical products in pharmacies. It is typically made of terracotta and has a tall, narrow shape with a small opening at the top. The word "alberello" means "little tree" in Italian, and the jar is named for its tree-like shape. Alberello pharmacy jars are often used in Italy for storing and displaying a variety of different types of medications, including pills, powders, and ointments. They are prized for their attractive appearance and their ability to protect the contents from light and moisture, which can help to preserve the potency and effectiveness of the medications.

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Albert Ernest Carrier-Belleuse

Albert Ernest Carrier-Belleuse was a French sculptor and modeller who was born in 1824 in Anizy-le-Château, France, and began his artistic career as a porcelain modeller before studying sculpture under the famous French sculptor, Auguste Ramey. Carrier-Belleuse had a long and successful career as a sculptor, working in a variety of styles and mediums, including bronze, terra cotta and marble. He was well known for his sculptures of genre figures, animals, and mythological subjects, which were highly sought after during his lifetime. Carrier-Belleuse's work was exhibited at the Paris Salons, and he was awarded many medals and prizes for his sculptures. He was also a teacher, and his pupils included the famous French sculptor, Auguste Rodin. Carrier-Belleuse died in 1887 in Paris.

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Alessi

Alessi is an Italian design company founded in 1921 in Omegna, a small town in the Piedmont region of Italy, by Giovanni Alessi in Omegna, Italy. The company initially produced tableware items in nickel, chromium and silver-plated brass. In 1932, Carlo Alessi, Giovanni's eldest son, joined the family firm and began designing products. Under his direction, the company began to produce more original and creative designs.

In the 1950s, Alessi began to collaborate with external designers, including Achille Castiglioni, Ettore Sottsass, and Richard Sapper. These collaborations led to the creation of some of Alessi's most iconic products, such as the Juicy Salif lemon squeezer by Philippe Starck, the 9090 corkscrew by Aldo Rossi, and the Cornucopia vase by Alessandro Mendini.

The company remains family-owned and is now in its third generation of Alessi family leadership, with Alberto Alessi serving as the president.

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Alexandrite

Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl that is prized for its unique ability to appear to change colour under different lighting conditions. It is a highly sought-after gemstone and is often used in fine jewellery. In natural light, alexandrite appears to be a shade of green, but when viewed under incandescent light, it appears to be a shade of red. This property, known as the alexandrite effect, is caused by the presence of trace amounts of chromium in the crystal structure of the gemstone. The colour change is due to the way that the gemstone absorbs and reflects light. Alexandrite is a relatively hard gemstone and is suitable for use in all types of jewellery, including rings, earrings, pendants, and bracelets. It is often used as a centre stone in engagement rings, due to its rarity and beauty. It is also used in other types of fine jewellery, such as brooches, necklaces, and cufflinks. The gemstone is typically cut into oval, pear, or cushion shapes and is usually set in gold or platinum.

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Alf Svensson

Alf Svensson (1929-1992) was a Swedish furniture designer

who was active in the 1950s through the 1970s. He is best known for his sleek

and elegant designs, which often feature rich materials such as rosewood, teak,

and leather and is also known for his attention to detail and its high quality

construction.

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Alfred Boucher Sculptor

Alfred Boucher (1850-1934) was a French sculptor and teacher who was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was known for his skilful depictions of the human form, particularly his female figures, which often depicted women in naturalistic, relaxed poses.

Boucher studied sculpture under the French sculptor, Auguste Rodin, and later went on to become one of his most successful pupils. He was a prolific artist, creating many sculptures in bronze, marble, and terra cotta, as well as a number of medallions and reliefs.

Boucher was also an influential teacher, who taught many students in his own studio, among them, was the American sculptor, Malvina Hoffman. He became famous for his role as a teacher at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts Decoratifs in Paris, and he also helped found the studio of the prestigious Académie de la Grande Chaumiere

His works are considered to be part of the Art nouveau and Beaux-Arts movements, are featured in many museums around the world.

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Alfred Dunhill Ltd.

Alfred Dunhill, Ltd. is a British luxury goods company founded in 1893 by Alfred Dunhill. The company is known for its high-quality products, including tobacco, leather goods, luggage, pens, and watches. Alfred Dunhill was born in London in 1872. He was the son of a saddler, and he began his working life as an apprentice to a leather goods manufacturer. In 1893, he opened his own shop in London, selling motoring accessories. The shop was a success, and Dunhill soon expanded his range of products to include tobacco, leather goods, and luggage.

Dunhill was a pioneer in the field of tobacco, and he is credited with developing the first modern cigarette lighter. He also introduced a number of new tobacco blends, including the famous Dunhill Nightcap.

In the 1920s, Dunhill began to expand his business internationally, and he opened shops in New York, Paris, and other major cities. Over the years, Dunhill continued to diversify its offerings, adding luxury men's clothing, accessories, and fragrances to its repertoire. The brand became synonymous with sophisticated British style, catering to an affluent and discerning clientele. The company continued to grow in the following decades, and it became one of the leading luxury goods brands in the world.

In the latter part of the 20th century, Dunhill went through various ownership changes. In 1963, the company was acquired by the Swiss-based Richemont Group, a luxury goods conglomerate. Under Richemont's ownership, Dunhill expanded its international presence, opening flagship stores in major cities worldwide.

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Alfred Gilbert

Alfred Gilbert was born in 1854 in London, into a working-class family. His father, who was a blacksmith, and his mother, recognized his artistic talent at a young age.

He studied sculpture at the Royal Academy Schools and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. After spending several years in Rome, he returned to England in 1884 and quickly established himself as one of the leading sculptors of his day. He was commissioned to produce a number of important public works, including the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain in Piccadilly Circus, the tomb of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and the Alexandra Memorial in Hyde Park. He gained international recognition for his masterpiece, "Perseus Arming," which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1882. The sculpture showcased his ability to capture dynamic and emotional moments in his work.

Gilbert also designed decorative art objects, including jewellery and silverware, which were highly sought after by the elite of his time. His jewellery designs, especially the "Mors Janua Vitae" brooch, were exquisite examples of his craftsmanship.

Gilbert's work was often praised for its originality and beauty, but he was also a controversial figure. He was known for his perfectionism and his tendency to overspend, which led to him being declared bankrupt in 1901. He also had a difficult personal life, and his wife was institutionalised for mental illness. In 1909, Gilbert moved to Bruges, Belgium, where he lived in self-imposed exile for many years.

Despite his personal challenges, Gilbert continued to produce important works of art throughout his career. In 1926, he returned to England and completed the tomb of the Duke of Clarence, which is considered to be one of his masterpieces. He was knighted in 1932 and died in London in 1934. He is one of the most important British sculptors of all time.

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Alfred Jackson

Alfred T. Jackson, (1843-1912) arrived as convict in Australia in 1866 and was later pardoned. He had a jewellery business in Geraldton W.A. and later in Albany. Examples of his work are held by the Western Australian Museum.

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Allan Border

Allan Border is a former Australian cricketer who played for the Australian national cricket team from 1978 to 1994. He was born on July 27, 1955, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Border was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm orthodox spinner. He was known for his gritty determination and his ability to hold the Australian batting order together during difficult situations. He was also an exceptional fielder, particularly in the slips.

Border made his debut for the Australian team in 1978 and quickly established himself as one of the team's key players. He went on to play 156 Test matches, scoring 11,174 runs at an average of 50.56, including 27 centuries and 63 half-centuries. His highest Test score was 205, which he scored against New Zealand in 1987.

In addition to his success in Test cricket, Border also played 273 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for Australia, scoring 6,524 runs at an average of 30.62, including 6 centuries and 39 half-centuries. He was the captain of the Australian team from 1984 to 1994, leading the team to victory in the 1987 Cricket World Cup.

After retiring from cricket, Border became a commentator and coach. He was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 1996 and the International Cricket Council Hall of Fame in 2009. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest cricketers in Australian history.

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Allan Lowe

Allan James George Lowe was born in Collingwood, an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria in 1907. He originally trained as a painter, but in the late 1920s, he taught himself pottery, and in 1930 was employed as a potter at Hoffmans Brickworks in Brunswick.

He began making pottery full-time after World War II. from his home in Ferntree Gully in the Dandenong Ranges. His work combined Chinese forms with Aboriginal motifs. He is considered to be one of the first potters to have drawn sympathetically on Aboriginal colours, themes and motifs. Much of his work shows the elegant simplicity of oriental design. He made several trips to central Australia in the 1950s and 1960s to draw inspiration from the indigenous people there.

Allan Lowe was active in local arts societies including Ferntree Gully Arts Society and the Pottery Group of the Warrandyte Mechanics Institute and Arts Association. Allan Lowe and Klytie Pate were both awarded a Bronze medal at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics Art Festival, and, in 1979, Alan was made a Fellow of the Royal South Australian Society of Arts.

The Pottery Group of the Warrandyte Mechanics Institute and Arts Association was formed following a talk by Alan Lowe from the 1955. Allan and Klytie Pate were both awarded a Bronze medal at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics Art Festival, and, in 1979, Alan was made a Fellow of the Royal South Australian Society of Arts.

 A retrospective of his work was held by the National Gallery of Victoria in 1979, the year he ceased work. Some of his work and his wife Peg’s work is held by Sydney’s Powerhouse Museum.

Allan died at the age of 93 in 2001.

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Alphonse Van Beurden

Alphonse Van Beurden was a Belgian sculptor and ivory carver who was born in Antwerp on 23 April 1854. He died on 21 September 1938. Van Beurden studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Antwerp, where he was a pupil of Joseph Geefs and Eduard Dujardin. He was a highly skilled craftsman and worked in a variety of mediums, including marble, bronze, and ivory.

Van Beurden designed the caryatid and allegorical sculptures on the façade of the Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. In the United Kingdom, he is renowned for his ivory sculptures. Between 1887 and 1904 he exhibited thirteen times at the Royal Academy of Art.

He died on 21 September 1938.

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Alvar Aalto

Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland, in 1898. He studied architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology, graduating in 1921. After graduating, he worked in the offices of several architects before opening his own practice in 1923.

His early work was influenced by the International Style, but he soon developed his own unique style, which combined elements of functionalism and organicism.

Alvar Aalto's architecture is also characterized by its organic forms and its integration with nature. In the early years of his career, Aalto worked in Jyväskylä, Finland, and designed a number of buildings that showcased a blend of classical and modernist architectural elements. Aalto's breakthrough came with the Paimio Sanatorium (1932), a tuberculosis sanatorium in Finland. This project demonstrated his innovative use of materials, particularly in furniture design, as he developed the iconic Paimio Chair. Aalto gained international recognition with his design for the Finnish Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair and the Villa Mairea (1937), which is considered one of his masterpieces. His most famous work is the Viipuri Library (now known as the Vyborg Library) in Vyborg, Russia, designed in 1935. This library showcases Aalto's innovative use of organic forms and natural materials.

Alvar Aalto's influence extended beyond architecture into furniture and glassware design, and he is known for creating timeless pieces like the Aalto Chair (also known as the "L-leg" chair), the Paimio Armchair and the Stool 60, His furniture designs are characterized by their simple, curvilinear forms. His glassware designs, such as the Aalto Vase and the Savoy Vase, are also notable for their organic shapes. While Alvar Aalto did contribute to glassware design, his reputation primarily rests on his architectural and furniture designs.

He received numerous awards and honors during his lifetime, including the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Gold Medal in 1957 and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Gold Medal in 1963. The Alvar Aalto Museum in Jyväskylä, Finland, is dedicated to preserving his legacy and showcasing his contributions to design.

In addition to architecture and design, Aalto was also a painter and sculptor. He was a member of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts and was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland in 1967. He died in Helsinki in 1976.

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Amalgamated Wireless Australia (awa)

Amalgamated Wireless Australia (AWA) was a leading Australian electronics company that played a key role in the development of wireless communication and broadcasting in Australia and around the world.

AWA was founded in Sydney in 1909 by a group of investors led by Ernest Fisk, who had previously worked with Marconi in England. The company's initial focus was on developing wireless communication technology for ships and coastal stations.

In the 1920s, AWA expanded into radio broadcasting, establishing a number of radio stations across Australia, including 2UW in Sydney and 3AK in Melbourne. The company also produced a range of radio receivers and other consumer electronics.

During World War II, AWA played a crucial role in the war effort, producing a variety of military communications and radar equipment, as well as pioneering the development of microwave technology.

In the post-war period, AWA continued to innovate and expand, developing new technologies such as television broadcasting and transistor radios. The company also established a strong presence in Asia, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia.

In the 1970s, AWA faced increasing competition from international electronics companies, and began to diversify into other areas such as defence electronics and aviation. However, the company struggled financially, and was eventually acquired by the multinational electronics conglomerate Philips in 1985.

Philips continued to operate the AWA brand in Australia, but gradually phased out its operations over the following decades. The AWA brand is no longer in use, but the company's legacy lives on in the form of the many contributions it made to the development of wireless communication and broadcasting technology in Australia and beyond.

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Amaranth / Purpleheart / Palisander

Amaranth, also called "purpleheart" and palisander is a hardwood obtained flowering plants in tropical regions of Central and South America, where they grow in rainforests. When the trees are cut, the timber turns from a dark brown to a rich purple colour. It is mainly used for veneering and decorative features on furniture, and is extremely dense when dry.

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Amberina Glass

Amberina glass is a type of art glass that is known for its distinctive two-tone colouration. It is typically made from a mixture of amber and red glass and appears to be orange at the top and red at the bottom. The colour change is achieved by using different amounts of gold in the glass mixture at different points in the manufacturing process. Amberina glass was first developed in the late 19th century by the New England Glass Company, and was later manufactured by other American and European glass manufacturers. It was popular in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to make a variety of decorative objects, including vases, bowls, and figurines.

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Amboyna

Amboyna is a tree native to Indonesia (named after the Indonesian island of Ambon) and South East Asia, and when harvested the timber has a fragrant rose-like scent, and is of a rich brown colour, usually harvested from the burl of the tree with "birds-eye" markings . In furniture is is usually veneered and used for decorative effects on top quality pieces.

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Amphora Porcelain

Bohemian Amphora porcelain is a type of decorative pottery that was produced in the Turn-Teplitz region of Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic) between 1894 and 1904. The pottery was produced by the Riessner, Stellmacher & Kessel (RSK) company, which was founded in 1892 by Eduard Stellmacher and his two sons-in-law, Alfred and Julius Riessner and other potteries in the region.

RSK quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality, hand-crafted pottery with intricate designs and vivid colors. The company's Amphora line, introduced in 1894, featured naturalistic motifs, such as flowers, animals, and insects, and was characterized by its use of vibrant glazes and intricate detailing.

The Amphora line quickly became popular throughout Europe, and RSK exhibited its products at a number of international expositions, including the 1900 Paris World's Fair. The pottery was praised for its innovative designs and high level of craftsmanship, and it was known for its distinctive shape, which resembled ancient Greek and Roman amphorae.

The Bohemian Amphora porcelain was also notable for its use of mixed-media techniques, such as combining pottery with metalwork and glass. This approach resulted in some of RSK's most distinctive and sought-after pieces.

RSK continued to produce Amphora pottery until 1904, when the company was dissolved. While production of the pottery ceased at that time, Bohemian Amphora porcelain remains highly prized by collectors and enthusiasts, and it is considered a classic example of the Art Nouveau style that was popular in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Amulet

Often inscribed with a magic incantation or symbol, an amulet is an object worn as a charm to protect the wearer from an evil, such as disease or witchcraft.

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Anchor Escapement

An anchor escapement is a type of mechanical escapement used in clocks and watches. It is a refinement of the older verge escapement, which was used in early mechanical timekeeping devices. The anchor escapement is characterised by the use of an anchor-shaped pallet that rocks back and forth, alternately locking and releasing the escape wheel. This action allows the movement of the watch or clock to be regulated, producing the characteristic tick-tock sound that is associated with mechanical timekeeping devices. The anchor escapement is generally more accurate and reliable than the verge escapement, and it is still used in many modern clocks and watches today.

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Anders Ousback

Anders Ousback was an accomplished Australian potter and chef known for his creative talents in both the culinary and ceramic arts. He was born in 1951 in Australia and displayed an early passion for the arts, particularly pottery and cooking. He pursued his interests through formal education and training, developing his skills in both fields.

Anders Ousback's culinary career was marked by his innovative and artistic approach to food. He became well-known for his expertise in creating visually stunning and delectable dishes. His culinary style often combined elements of fine dining with a focus on using fresh, locally sourced ingredients.

He was involved in makeovers of The Summit, The Wharf at Walsh Bay, Bennelong at the Opera House, Hyde Park Barracks, The Clock Hotel in Surry Hills, the Cafe at the Art Gallery of NSW, and Dov in East Sydney. He was a partner in the Margaret Fulton Kitchen stores, offering complete meals to be taken home and heated up.

In addition to his culinary pursuits, Anders Ousback was a talented potter. He crafted pottery and ceramics that were characterized by their unique designs and artistic flair. His work often showcased his creativity and ability to blend form and function in his pottery pieces.His pots were bought by the Powerhouse Museum and the National Gallery in Canberra.

Unfortunately, Anders Ousback passed away in 2004. He was not only a practitioner of his crafts but also a dedicated teacher and shared his knowledge and passion with others by conducting workshops and classes in both pottery and culinary arts. His teaching endeavours helped inspire and educate aspiring artists and chefs.

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Andor Meszaros

Born in Budapest, Hungary in 1900, Andor Meszaros worked studied extensively Vienna, Paris and Budapest prior to his arrival in Australia in 1939. A sculptor who specialised in medallions, over more than 30 years, he created hundreds of art medals depicting the leading Australians to who contributed to the scientific, medical and artistic fields. He also created some larger sculptures including three works for the King George V Memorial Hospital for Mothers and Babies in Sydney and a silver alter-piece for Canterbury Cathedral in England. He was President of the Victorian Sculptors Society in 1955-56 and 1962. <p>He died in 1972.

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Andre Delatte

André Delatte was a notable French glass designer known for his work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. André Delatte was born around 1887 in the Lorraine region of France, which is historically known for its rich tradition of glassmaking. He was associated with the famous Daum glassworks in Nancy, France, and later established his own glass studio. Delatte was highly skilled in various glassmaking techniques, including cameo glass, which involves carving through layers of colored glass to create intricate designs. He was particularly known for his use of vibrant and iridescent colours in his glasswork.

During the Art Nouveau period, Delatte's designs often featured nature-inspired motifs such as flowers, foliage, and insects, which were characteristic of the Art Nouveau style. His work also displayed a mastery of intricate glass etching and carving techniques. In addition to his artistic contributions, André Delatte's work had commercial success. His glass pieces were highly sought after and collected, both during his lifetime and in subsequent years. His creations can be found in museums, galleries, and private collections around the world.

André Delatte continued his glass design and production throughout his career. He passed away in 1953, leaving behind a legacy of exceptional glasswork that continues to be appreciated by art and glass enthusiasts. Today, André Delatte's pieces are considered valuable and significant examples of Art Nouveau and Art Deco glass design. His work remains an important part of the history of French glassmaking.

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Andre Dubreuil

André Dubreuil was born in 1951 in Lyon, France, and was educated in London at the Inchbald School of Design. He is a leading designer of furniture and decorative arts, best known for the 'Spine chair', designed in 1986. As well as chairs, his furniture designs include cabinets, desks and tables. His porcelain designs include functional items such as vases and candle holders as well as purely decorative items. He has travelled extensively to various nations, observing the craft and design products of different cultures and exhibited his designs and works in major international cities.

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Andrew Barton "banjo" Paterson

Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson, CBE (1864 - 1941) was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life, focusing particularly on the rural and outback areas, including the district around Binalong, New South Wales, where he spent much of his childhood. Paterson's more notable poems include "Clancy of the Overflow" (1889), "The Man from Snowy River" (1890) and "Waltzing Matilda" (1895), regarded widely as Australia's unofficial national anthem.

Paterson was born at the property "Narrambla", near Orange, New South Wales, the eldest son of Andrew Bogle Paterson, a Scottish immigrant from Lanarkshire, and Australian-born Rose Isabella Barton, related to the future first Prime Minister of Australia Edmund Barton. Paterson's family lived on the isolated Buckinbah Station near Yeoval NSW until he was five when his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was forced to sell up. When Paterson's uncle John Paterson died, his family took over John Paterson's farm in Illalong, near Yass, close to the main route between Melbourne and Sydney.

Paterson attended Sydney Grammar School from 1874 to 1880, where he excelled at academics and sports. After graduating from school, he studied law at the University of Sydney, and was admitted to the bar in 1886. However, he soon abandoned his legal career to pursue a career in journalism.

In 1885, Paterson began writing poems for the Bulletin, a popular Australian magazine. His poems were quickly popular with readers, and he soon became one of the most popular poets in Australia. In 1895, he published his first collection of poems, The Man from Snowy River and Other Verses, which was a huge success.

In addition to his poetry, Paterson also wrote a number of novels, short stories and articles. He also worked as a war correspondent during the Boer War and World War I.

Paterson is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential Australian poets. His poems have captured the spirit of Australian life and culture, and they continue to be popular with readers today. His work has been translated into many languages, and his poems have been set to music by many Australian composers.

He died in Sydney in 1941 at the age of 76.

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Andrew Grima

Andrew Grima was born in Rome in 1921 to Italian-Maltese parents. He moved to London with his family when he was five years old. After graduating from high school, he studied mechanical engineering at the University of Nottingham.

After the war, Grima joined his father-in-law's jewellery manufacturing business, H.J. Company, in London. He quickly became interested in jewellery design, and he began experimenting with new materials and techniques. His early designs were inspired by the organic forms of nature, and he often used unconventional materials such as bone, ivory, and wood.

In the 1960s, Grima's work began to gain international attention. He was awarded the Duke of Edinburgh's Prize for Elegant Design in 1965, and he won the De Beers Diamonds International Award a record 11 times. His jewellery was featured in exhibitions at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Grima's jewellery is characterized by its bold, geometric shapes and its use of high-quality materials. He often combined different materials in unexpected ways, and he was not afraid to use unconventional colours. His jewellery was often described as "modern" and "avant-garde," but it also had a timeless quality.

Grima's work had a major impact on the development of modern jewellery design. He was one of the first jewellers to use unconventional materials and techniques, and he helped to redefine the boundaries of what jewellery could be. His jewellery is considered to be some of the most important jewellery of the 20th century.

Grima died in 2007 at the age of 85. His work is exhibited in museums and galleries around the world.

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Andrew Lenehan

Andrew Lenehan was an Australian colonial furniture maker who was active in Sydney in the mid-19th century. He was born in Ireland in 1815 and arrived in Sydney aged 20 in 1835 with James Templeton, a Dublin cabinet maker. In 1841 Lenehan acquired Templton’s cabinet making business in Castlereagh St and traded as an upholsterer, cabinetmaker, appraiser and undertaker.

From 1841 to his retirement some 30 years later Lenehan conducted his cabinet making businesses from a number of Sydney premises including Castlereagh St, Pitt St and Bridge Street. employing an extensive range of skilled craftsmen. In the 1850s during the gold rush Lenehan produced boxes made from native timbers to contain gold samples which were presented to Queen Victoria.

Between 1850-1852 Lenehan served as a Sydney City Councillor. Andrew Lenehan was also commissioned to re-furbish Government House, Sydney and the chairs, tables sideboards, dumb waiters and side tables are still in use there today. The majority of Lenehan’s pieces were constructed of Australian red cedar throughout and cover the full range of household furnishings. Several pieces bearing his much rarer impressed ‘A.Lenehan’ mark contain other timber species both native and exotic.

 Andrew Lenehan retired in 1875 and passed away in 1886.

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Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as Pop art. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1928 and died in New York City in 1987.

Warhol's work often depicted everyday objects and people from popular culture, such as Campbell's Soup cans, Marilyn Monroe, and Elvis Presley. He used a variety of techniques in his work, including silkscreen printing, photography, and film. Warhol's art was often controversial, but it also made him one of the most famous and influential artists of the 20th century. He is considered to be one of the founders of Pop art, and his work has had a profound impact on the art world.

Warhol's art is often described as being "flat" and "graphic", and his ceramic pieces are no exception. They have a simple, utilitarian design that is reminiscent of mass-produced objects. However, Warhol's use of bright colors and bold patterns gives his ceramic pieces a unique and distinctive look.

Warhol produced a limited number of ceramic pieces, but he did create some iconic items in this medium. His "Flowers" series, which features brightly colored flowers made from porcelain, is one of his most famous ceramic works. He also created a series of vases decorated with Campbell's Soup cans and Marilyn Monroe portraits. Warhol's ceramic pieces are not as well-known as his art, but they are still an important part of his artistic legacy. They demonstrate his willingness to experiment with new materials and techniques, and they show his interest in the everyday objects of popular culture.

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Aneroid Barometer

An aneroid barometer is a type of barometer that measures atmospheric pressure using a small, flexible metal container called an aneroid cell, rather than using a fluid such as mercury. The aneroid cell is sealed and partially evacuated of air, so that a change in atmospheric pressure will cause it to expand or contract. This expansion or contraction is transmitted through a series of mechanical linkages to a pointer that moves on a calibrated scale, indicating the atmospheric pressure. Aneroid barometers became popular from the late 19th century, and are commonly used in weather forecasting, as changes in atmospheric pressure can indicate the approach of a storm or other weather system. They are also used in aviation and other applications where it is important to monitor changes in atmospheric pressure.

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Angela Cummings

Angela Cummings, born in Klagenfurt, Austria in 1944, began her journey in the world of jewellery design before establishing herself as an iconic figure. She moved to America at the age of three when her family relocated in 1947. Her artistic pursuits led her to Italy for art studies and Germany for jewellery craftsmanship, culminating in a degree in goldsmithing and gemmology.

Upon settling in New York, Cummings joined Tiffany & Co. in 1968. After years of honing her craft, she unveiled her first comprehensive collection bearing her own name in 1975. Her tenure at Tiffany lasted until 1984, during which she crafted a plethora of exquisite jewellery pieces, predominantly in lustrous yellow gold. Her signature style involved intricate inlays of materials like lapis lazuli, jade, mother of pearl, coral, wood, and opal. The natural world, particularly marine life, plants, and animals, served as a wellspring of inspiration for her designs. A standout creation, the gold Rose Petal necklace and earring ensemble, captured this organic essence.

Departing Tiffany in 1984, Cummings emerged as one of the esteemed few named jewellery designers affiliated with the brand, sharing the ranks with luminaries like Paloma Picasso, Jean Schlumberger, and Elsa Peretti. That same year, she embarked on an entrepreneurial journey alongside her husband, a fellow gemmologist with ties to Tiffany. Their venture embraced a diverse array of materials, with silver taking a prominent role. From tableware to accessories, Cummings' range expanded.

The inauguration of the 'Angela Cummings Fine Jewellery Boutique' at Bergdorf Goodman on Fifth Avenue heralded her boutique success. Soon, her boutiques found homes in Bloomingdale’s, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Early collections showcased a rich tapestry of materials, from black opals and South Sea pearls to black jade and diamonds. Nature's motifs and meticulous inlay work interwove with a harmonious blend of gold and silver.

With a flourishing business, Cummings expanded her boutiques in the US and Japan. After retiring in 2003 and closing her business, she was lured back into the jewellery realm a decade later to collaborate with pearl specialists Assael, creating yet another remarkable collection. Angela Cummings' legacy endures as a testament to her unparalleled artistry and innovative spirit in the realm of jewellery design.

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Angell Family, 19th Century British Silversmiths

The Angell family was a dynasty of British silversmiths who were active in the 19th century. The family business was founded by Joseph Angell (senior) in 1811, and it continued to operate until the late 1880s. The Angells were known for their high-quality silverwork, and they produced a wide range of items, including tableware, jewelry, and decorative objects.

The Angell family was originally from the town of Nantwich in Cheshire. Joseph Angell (senior) was apprenticed to a silversmith in London in 1796, and he obtained his freedom in 1804. He then set up his own business in Clerkenwell, a district of London that was known for its silversmithing industry.

Joseph Angell (senior) was joined in the business by his brother John Angell in 1811. The two brothers worked together to build the business into one of the leading silversmithing firms in London. They produced a wide range of silverwork, including tableware, jewelry, and decorative objects. Their work was known for its high quality and its stylish design.

The Angell family business continued to grow and prosper in the 19th century. In 1840, Joseph Angell (senior) was granted a Royal Warrant, which meant that he was officially appointed to supply silver to the Royal Household. The Angells continued to produce high-quality silverwork throughout the 19th century, and they won numerous awards for their work.

The Angell family business came to an end in the late 1880s. Joseph Angell (senior) died in 1884, and his son George Angell died in 1888. The business was then taken over by George Frederick Courthope, who continued to trade under the style of George Angell until 1889.

The Angell family was one of the most important silversmithing families in 19th century Britain. Their work is still highly prized today, and it is considered to be some of the finest silverwork ever produced.

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Anglo-Indian

Used to describe furniture and objects made in India from the 18th century onwards by Indian cabinetmakers using local timbers and accessories, for the colonial British market and wealthy locals, that was a fusion of the styles and techniques of the two cultures.

Teak, camphor wood, padouk, coromandel and ebony were common timbers, and the furniture was sometimes inlaid with ivory or bone, and usually extensively carved with Indian themes including elephants and intricate foliate designs.

Similar furniture was made in other colonies such as Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Kashmir.

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Angus & Coote

Angus & Coote is one of Australia's oldest and most well-known jewellery retailers. The company was founded in 1895 by Scottish immigrant, Augustus Adolphus Angus and his wife, Florence Coote, in Sydney, Australia.

Initially, the business focused on watch repairs, but over time it expanded into the sale of jewellery and silver. The company's first retail store was opened in Sydney's Pitt Street Mall in 1917, and over the years, Angus & Coote continued to expand, opening stores in shopping centres throughout Australia.

Throughout its history, Angus & Coote has been known for its quality jewellery and customer service. The company has won numerous awards for its designs and craftsmanship, and has been a favourite among Australian shoppers for generations.

Angus & Coote is now part of New Zealand company James Pascoe Group which also own Australian jewellers Prouds the Jewellers, and Goldmark, with over 460 stores across Australia as of 2012. Goldmark is the only brand operating in both countries.

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Annamese Ceramics

Annamese ceramics refer to pottery and other ceramics that were produced in what is now Vietnam during the Annamese period, which lasted from the 10th to the 19th centuries. Annamese ceramics have a long history, dating back to the Neolithic period. During the Champa Kingdom (4th to 15th centuries), ceramic production was centered in the city of Qu?ng Nam, and potters created intricately decorated earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The ceramics were known for their bright colors, elaborate designs, and high quality. During the 15th to 17th centuries, Annamese ceramics were exported to other countries in Southeast Asia, as well as to Europe, where they were highly prized. During the Le dynasty (17th to 19th centuries), Annamese ceramics became more ornate and sophisticated, with blue and white porcelain being the most popular style. Today, Annamese ceramics are still being produced and are widely collected, both in Vietnam and internationally. They were highly prized in Vietnam and other parts of Southeast Asia

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Anne Gordon

Anne Gordon (1924-2007) was a Scottish artist and potter. She was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1924. She studied art at the Edinburgh College of Art and the Royal College of Art in London. After graduating, she worked as a designer for Wedgwood and then as a freelance artist and potter.

Gordon's pottery was known for its realistic and often humorous depictions of animals, birds, and fruits. She also created a number of abstract and figurative sculptures. Her work is held in many public collections, including the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh.

Gordon was a member of the Royal Scottish Academy and the Royal Academy of Arts. She was also a recipient of the Saltire Society Award for Ceramics. She died in 2007 at the age of 82.

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Anneke Borren

Anneke Borren (born 1946) is a New Zealand ceramic artist. She is known for her work in stoneware and porcelain, which is often decorated with abstract patterns and designs. She was born in the Netherlands in 1946 and studied ceramics at the Ilam School of Fine Arts in Christchurch, New Zealand, from 1966 to 1969. After graduating, she worked as a potter in the Netherlands and Sweden. In 1971, she returned to New Zealand and established a studio in Paraparaumu, north of Wellington.

Borren's work is characterized by its bold use of colour and its geometric patterns. She often uses a variety of techniques, including hand-building, wheel-throwing, and glazing, to create her pieces. Her work is often inspired by nature, and she often incorporates elements of the natural world, such as leaves, flowers, and animals, into her designs.

Borren has exhibited her work in solo and group exhibitions in New Zealand and overseas. Her work is held in public and private collections, including the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu, and the Sarjeant Gallery Te Awamutu.

Borren is a recipient of the Arts Foundation of New Zealand Laureate Award in Visual Arts (2006) and the Queen's Service Medal for Community Service (2010). She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand and a member of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts.

In addition to her work as a ceramic artist, Borren has also taught ceramics at the Ilam School of Fine Arts and at Whitirea Polytechnic. She is a passionate advocate for the arts, and she has served on the boards of a number of arts organizations.

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Ansett/ansett-Ana Australian National Airways

Ansett was an Australian airline that was founded in 1936 by Reginald Ansett. Originally called Ansett Airways, the airline began as a regional carrier operating services between Melbourne and Hamilton in Victoria.

In 1946, Ansett Airways merged with Australian National Airways (ANA) to become Ansett-ANA. The merger created Australia's second-largest airline, with a network that covered much of the country.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Ansett-ANA continued to expand its network and fleet, with new services to New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. In 1957, the airline introduced its first jet aircraft, the Vickers Viscount, and in 1964 it became the first Australian airline to operate a Boeing 727.

In 1968, Reginald Ansett bought out ANA's share of the company and renamed it Ansett Airlines of Australia. Under Ansett's leadership, the airline continued to grow, with a network that extended to Asia and the Middle East.

However, by the 1980s, the airline was facing financial difficulties, and in 1986 it was sold to media magnate Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Murdoch renamed the airline to Ansett Australia, and invested heavily in new aircraft and facilities.

In 2001, Ansett Australia was placed into voluntary administration due to financial difficulties. The airline was subsequently grounded, leaving thousands of passengers stranded and causing significant disruption to the Australian aviation industry. Ansett was eventually liquidated, and its assets were sold off to pay creditors.

Ansett is remembered as one of Australia's most iconic airlines, with a legacy that spans more than 60 years. The airline played a significant role in shaping the Australian aviation industry, and its demise was a significant event in the country's history.

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Ansonia

The Ansonia Clock Company was an American clock manufacturer that was founded in 1851 in Ansonia, Connecticut. It was originally known as the Ansonia Brass and Copper Company and began as a brass and copper manufacturer. However, in 1854, the company decided to expand its operations into clock making.

Under the leadership of its founder, Anson Greene Phelps, the Ansonia Clock Company quickly became one of the largest clock manufacturers in the United States. The company produced a wide range of clocks, from cheap and simple models to expensive and ornate ones.

The peak production years for the Ansonia Clock Company were in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During this time, the company was one of the largest clock manufacturers in the world, producing a wide range of clocks for both domestic and international markets.

In the 1880s, the Ansonia Clock Company was producing over one million clocks per year, making it one of the largest clock manufacturers in the United States. The company's clocks were sold in department stores, jewellery stores, and other retailers throughout the country, and the company's advertising campaigns were widely recognized and influential.

The Ansonia Clock Company produced a wide range of clock, but there were a few models that were particularly popular and remain highly sought after:

•     Ansonia Crystal Palace Clock - This was one of the most famous clocks produced by the Ansonia Clock Company. It was named after the famous Crystal Palace in London, which was built for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The clock was a large, ornate model that featured a glass dome over the clock face, which allowed viewers to see the intricate inner workings of the clock.
•   Ansonia Swing Clock - This clock was a unique model that hung from a single point, allowing it to swing back and forth like a pendulum. It was designed to be mounted on a wall and was often used in public spaces such as train stations and offices.
•   Ansonia La Normandie Clock - This clock was designed to commemorate the maiden voyage of the French ocean liner La Normandie in 1935. It was a large, ornate clock that featured a bronze sculpture of the ship on top of the clock case.
•   Ansonia Regulator Clock - This was a simple, yet elegant model that was popular in homes and offices. It featured a long, narrow case with a glass door that allowed viewers to see the pendulum inside. It was often used as a timekeeper in schools and other institutions.
•   Ansonia Statue Clocks - These were a series of clocks that featured ornate bronze statues on top of the clock case. The statues depicted various themes such as classical figures, animals, and mythological creatures. These clocks were highly prized for their artistic value and continue to be sought after by collectors today.

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Anthemion

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Anton Michelsen

Anton Michelsen (1809-1877) was a Danish silversmith who is considered one of the most important figures in Danish silversmithing. He was born in Odense, Denmark, in 1809. His family had been metalsmiths for generations, and he apprenticed with several master silversmiths in Odense and Copenhagen. In 1836, he traveled to Germany and France to study the latest trends in silversmithing.

In 1841, Michelsen opened his own workshop in Copenhagen. He quickly became known for his elegant and refined designs, which were often inspired by nature. He also developed a reputation for his mastery of enamelling, which he used to decorate his silver pieces with intricate and colourful patterns.

Michelsen was appointed Court Goldsmith and Maker of Orders to the Danish Royal Court in 1848. He held this position for the rest of his life, and he created many pieces of silver for the Danish royal family. He also received commissions from other European royal families, as well as from wealthy private collectors.

Michelsen's work is characterized by its simplicity, elegance, and attention to detail. He was a master of form and function, and his pieces are both beautiful and practical. He is considered one of the most important figures in Danish silversmithing, and his work is still highly sought-after today.

Some of Anton Michelsen's most famous pieces include

•    The Christmas spoons, which he began producing in 1910. These spoons are decorated with scenes from Danish history and mythology.

•    The Queen Alexandra Jubilee Cup, which he created in 1897 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Queen Alexandra's accession to the throne.

•    The Royal Copenhagen Coronation Service, which he created in 1906 for the coronation of King Christian X of Denmark.

•    The Carlsberg Art Medal, which he designed in 1876. This medal is awarded annually to artists and scientists who have made significant contributions to Danish culture.

Michelsen's work is represented in the collections of museums around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen.

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Anton Seuffert

Born around 1814 in Bohemia, Anton Seuffert followed in his father's footsteps becoming a woodworker, eventually becoming a foreman at the firm of Leistler and Sons in Vienna. His craftsmanship led him to London during the 1851 Great Exhibition, where he assembled furniture for four sets of rooms. Notably, some of these pieces graced Queen Victoria's presence as a gift from the Emperor of Austria.

In 1858, Seuffert and his family migrated to Auckland, New Zealand, where his skill became renowned. He was sought after for crafting furniture for notable visitors to the city and gained citizenship in 1861, marking a commitment to his newfound home. Throughout his life, Seuffert's designs revealed an intimate understanding of New Zealand's native woods, textures, and natural motifs, as well as Maori influences.

The pinnacle of his career arrived in 1861-1862 with a remarkable writing cabinet, adorned with intricate inlays of New Zealand woods – a masterpiece valued at 300 guineas. The citizens of Auckland gifted this cabinet o her Majesty the Queen and is still in use in Buckingham Palace. Seuffert served as cabinet-maker to Governor George Grey in 1862-1863, creating exquisite inlaid panels for the Mansion House library. These panels, bearing Grey's coat of arms, transformed into tables and remain cherished in private collections.

The signature Louis XV style was a hallmark of Seuffert's craftsmanship, evident in an inlaid cabinet he crafted for Grey. This style resonated throughout his career, as he crafted at least eight similar cabinets. After the Duke of Edinburgh's visit in 1869, Seuffert's expertise earned him a royal appointment, a testament to his artistry and attention to detail.

Exhibiting internationally at events like the 1862, 1873, 1879, and 1880-81 exhibitions and locally at the Auckland Society of Arts, Seuffert's work garnered widespread acclaim. His dedication to his craft and family endured until his passing on August 6, 1887, in Auckland. His legacy carried on through his son William, a skilled cabinet-maker and inlayer who continued the family tradition.

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Anton Teutenberg

Ferdinand Anton Nicolaus Teutenberg (4 December 1840 – 2 October 1933) was a New Zealand stonemason, carver, engraver, medallist and jeweller. He was born in Hüsten, Germany, in 1840. He learned his trade as an engraver with his father, and served two years as a military conscript. In 1866, he emigrated to New Zealand with his sisters and a nephew. He settled in Auckland, where he worked as a stonemason and carver. He also began to engrave medals and jewellery.

Teutenberg's work was highly skilled and detailed. He was particularly known for his portraits, which were often used for medallions and other commemorative pieces. He also produced a wide range of other work, including gargoyles, corbels, and other architectural ornaments. He was a highly respected member of the Auckland art community. He was a founding member of the Auckland Society of Arts, and he served as its president from 1884 to 1885. He was also a member of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts and continued to work as an artist and craftsman until his death in 1933. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in the early history of New Zealand art.

Teutenberg's work is held in collections around New Zealand, including the Auckland Art Gallery, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, and the Waikato Museum.

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Antonio Canova

Antonio Canova (1757–1822) was an Italian Neoclassical sculptor, widely considered to be one of the greatest of his time. He is known for his marble sculptures, which often depicted mythological and historical subjects. Canova's work had a significant impact on the development of sculpture in Europe and helped to revive the classical tradition. Some of his most famous works include "Theseus and the Minotaur" and "Perseus with the Head of Medusa." Canova died in 1822 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, Italy.

He was a popular artist among the wealthy British and European travellers of the Grand Tour, which was an 18th and 19th century tradition of young, upper-class Europeans traveling through Europe for the purpose of culture and education. Canova's sculptures were considered to be some of the finest examples of classical art, and many Grand Tourists visited his studio in Rome to see his works and meet the artist himself. Canova's reputation and success as a sculptor was also due to the Grand Tour, as many of the British and European patrons who visited Italy during the Grand Tour purchased Canova's sculptures to take back to their home countries, which helped to spread his fame and influence throughout Europe.

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Antonio Citterio

Antonio Citterio, an Italian architect and furniture designer, was born in Meda, Italy, in 1950. He pursued his architectural studies at the Politecnico di Milano, completing his degree in 1972. Initially, Citterio embarked on his career as an architect, undertaking various projects both in Italy and abroad. However, in the early 1980s, he shifted his focus to furniture design. Throughout his career, he has collaborated with esteemed furniture manufacturers such as B&B Italia, Kartell, and Vitra.

Citterio's furniture designs are known for their clean lines, simple yet elegant forms, and functional aesthetics. He frequently employs high-quality materials such as leather, metal, and wood in his creations. Inspired by the works of renowned designers like Le Corbusier, Charles Eames, and Mies van der Rohe, Citterio infuses his designs with a sense of reverence for their contributions.

His exceptional talent has been recognized with numerous accolades, including the prestigious Compasso d'Oro, the highest honor in Italian design. Citterio is also a member of the Accademia di San Luca, the world's oldest art academy.

Citterio's work can be found in museums and private collections worldwide, solidifying his status as one of the most influential furniture designers of his generation. Some of his notable furniture designs include the Sity Sofa (1986) for B&B Italia, the Extendable Battista Table (1991) for Kartell, the Mobil Container System (1993) for Kartell, the T-Chair (1996) for Vitra, the Dolly Chair (1996) for Kartell, and the Luta and Ac Chairs (2006 and 2009) for B&B Italia.

His designs exude elegance, comfort, and functionality, a testament to his exceptional skills as a designer and craftsman. Even today, they continue to captivate collectors and interior designers alike, standing as timeless examples of Citterio's artistic prowess.

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Aphrodite / Venus

In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, desire and beauty, whilst in Roman mythology she is called Venus.

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Apollo

Apollo is the Greek and Roman god of the sun, and patron of music and poetry. He is often depicted with a lyre.

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Apothecary / Specie Jar

An apothecary jar is a type of container used to store and display small items or substances, typically in a pharmacy while a "specié jar" (also known as a "specimen jar") is used to store and display small samples or specimens of medications, herbs, or other substances. Apothecary jars are usually made of glass and have a wide base and a narrow neck, with a lid or stopper to keep the contents inside. They are often labelled with the name of the item or substance they contain, and they are often used to store and display items such as pills, ointments, or chemicals. Apothecary jars are nowadays used in decorative contexts, such as in a home or office setting. Specie jars are typically made of glass and have a wide mouth and a tight-fitting lid to preserve the contents. They are used for both practical and aesthetic purposes, as they can help pharmacists keep track of their inventory and also add an attractive touch to the pharmacy's display.

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Aquatint

The arabesque pattern is an ornamental design that features flowing, curving lines and elaborate geometric shapes. It is inspired by the art and architecture of the Islamic world and was developed at Fontainebleu France in the mid 16th century. Its use was spread through published engravings, and it is characterized by its intricate and highly decorative nature. The arabesque pattern is created using a repetitive motif that is repeated and interwoven to create a cohesive design. It was used as a form of decoration in art, architecture, textiles, pottery, furniture and ceramics and it is often used to add a sense of grandeur and sophistication to a design. The arabesque pattern is admired for its beauty and complexity, and it continues to be used in a wide range of decorative contexts today.

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Aquila Ceramics

Aquila Ceramics was a New Zealand pottery company founded in 1972 by Cameron Brown and his wife, Jean. The company was based in Drury, Auckland, and produced a range of hand-made ceramic tableware, decorative items, and sculpture. Aquila ceramics were known for their distinctive glazes, which were often inspired by Maori motifs.

Cameron Brown was born in Auckland in 1929. He studied pottery at the Elam School of Fine Arts in Auckland, and in 1953 he set up his own pottery workshop in Henderson. In 1965, Brown moved his workshop to Drury, where he established Aquila Ceramics. Jean Brown was born in 1933. She studied art at the University of Auckland, and in the early 1960s she began working as a potter with Cameron Brown. Jean Brown was responsible for the design of many of Aquila's most popular glazes.

Aquila Ceramics produced a wide range of ceramic products, including tableware, decorative items, and sculpture. The company's tableware was known for its simple, elegant designs. Aquila's decorative items were often inspired by Maori motifs, and the company's sculpture was highly regarded by collectors.

Aquila Ceramics ceased production in 1987. The company's closure was due to a number of factors, including the increasing cost of production and the decline in the popularity of hand-made ceramics.

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Arabesque

The arabesque pattern is an ornamental design that features flowing, curving lines and elaborate geometric shapes. It is inspired by the art and architecture of the Islamic world and was developed at Fontainebleu France in the mid 16th century. Its use was spread through published engravings, and it is characterized by its intricate and highly decorative nature. The arabesque pattern is created using a repetitive motif that is repeated and interwoven to create a cohesive design. It was used as a form of decoration in art, architecture, textiles, pottery, furniture and ceramics and it is often used to add a sense of grandeur and sophistication to a design. The arabesque pattern is admired for its beauty and complexity, and it continues to be used in a wide range of decorative contexts today.

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Arcadian Landscape / Setting / Scene

An Arcadian landscape is a type of landscape that is characterized by its peaceful, idyllic, and rustic setting. It is often associated with the idealized countryside of ancient Greece, and it is often depicted as a rural landscape with rolling hills, forests, streams, and meadows. Arcadian landscapes are often depicted in art and literature as being a place of retreat, where people can escape the stresses and demands of modern life and find a sense of peace and solitude. They are often associated with the concept of Arcadia, which was a region of ancient Greece that was known for its beauty and tranquility.

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Archibald Knox

Archibald Knox (1864-1933) is known for his pioneering work in the Arts and Crafts movement and his contributions to the development of Art Nouveau style. Born in the Isle of Man, Knox began his artistic training at the Douglas School of Art, and later studied at the Liverpool School of Art.

In 1899, Knox joined the London-based department store Liberty & Co. as a designer, where he created a range of metalwork, jewellery, furniture, and other household items. His designs were characterized by their simplicity, boldness, and use of stylized organic forms. Knox's metalwork designs for Liberty & Co. included a range of clocks, candlesticks, and other decorative objects. His designs often featured motifs drawn from nature, such as birds, flowers, and seashells. One of his most famous designs is the "Tudric" range of pewterware, which was produced by Liberty & Co. from 1902 to 1914.

In addition to his work for Liberty & Co., Knox also designed for other companies, including the Silver Studio, which produced wallpapers and fabrics, and the Birmingham Guild of Handicraft, which specialized in metalwork. His designs were well-received and he won numerous awards for his work, including a gold medal at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Knox's designs were influenced by his love of Celtic art and his interest in the natural world. He drew inspiration from the rugged landscape of his native Isle of Man, as well as from the flora and fauna of the British countryside. His designs were innovative and modern, but also rooted in tradition and craftsmanship.

Archibald Knox is widely regarded as one of the most important designers of the Arts and Crafts movement.

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Arflex

Arflex is an Italian furniture company founded in 1947 by Carlo Barassi, Renato Teani, Pio Reggiani, and Aldo Bai. The company's name is a portmanteau of "Ar" for "artificial" and "flex" for "flexible", reflecting the company's early focus on using new, innovative materials such as foam rubber and elastic tape in its furniture designs.

Arflex quickly became a leading force in the Italian design scene, collaborating with some of the most renowned architects and designers of the day, including Marco Zanuso, Carlo Bartoli, Joe Colombo, and Cini Boeri. The company's designs were characterized by their sleek, modern lines and their use of innovative materials and construction techniques.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Arflex furniture was exported all over the world, and the company became synonymous with Italian design excellence. Some of the most iconic Arflex designs from this period include the Lady armchair by Marco Zanuso, the Pixel sofa by Carlo Bartoli, and the Elda armchair by Joe Colombo.

In the 1970s, Arflex began to experiment with new materials and styles, and the company's designs became more eclectic and experimental. However, the company continued to produce high-quality furniture that was well-respected by designers and critics.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Arflex continued to produce innovative designs, but the company also began to focus on its heritage and its role in the history of Italian design. The company launched a number of retrospective exhibitions and publications, and it also began to reissue some of its classic designs.

Arflex remains a leading manufacturer of high-quality furniture. The company continues to collaborate with some of the most talented designers in the world, and its products are sold all over the world.

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Argyle Diamonds

Argyle diamonds are highly prized for their rarity and unique colours and were mined exclusively from the Argyle diamond mine in Western Australia. The Argyle mine was the world's largest diamond mine in terms of the volume of diamonds produced and was operational from 1983.

The story of Argyle diamonds begins in the late 1970s when geologists discovered a deposit of diamonds in the remote East Kimberley region of Western Australia. In 1983, the Argyle diamond mine officially opened, and over the years, it became a major producer of high-quality diamonds.

One of the unique features of Argyle diamonds is their pink and red coloration. These colours are caused by a distortion in the diamond's crystal lattice structure and are incredibly rare, with only a small percentage of diamonds found in the Argyle mine exhibiting these colours.

The Argyle diamond mine had a significant impact on the diamond industry, as it produced a large proportion of the world's pink and red diamonds. In 2020, the mine closed after 37 years of operation, as it had reached the end of its productive life.

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Arial Glass

Ariel glass is a type of glassware that was produced by Swedish glassworks company Orrefors Glasbruk from the 1930s onwards. Orrefors Glasbruk was founded in 1898 and is known for its high-quality, hand-crafted glassware. Ariel glass is characterized by its clean, modern design and elegant lines. It is made using traditional techniques, such as hand-cutting and sandblasting, to create unique, one-of-a-kind pieces. Orrefors Glasbruk has produced a wide range of Ariel glass products over the years, including vases, bowls, stemware, and other decorative objects.

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Aristoc Industries

Aristoc Industries was founded by Ian Howard in 1946 in Melbourne, initially trading under the name O.H.C. Products Pty Ltd (Oyston, Howard and Charlesworth). By 1954 Howard had purchased the interests of the other partners and changed the company’s name to Aristoc Industries.

In 1948 Howard acquired a small business that made kindergarten furniture out of steel, and the firm became a pioneer of modern furniture design and tubular steel furniture.

Aristoc's mid-century furniture designs were characterized by clean lines, minimalist forms, and an emphasis on functionality. The company produced a wide range of furniture, including dining tables and chairs, sideboards, coffee tables, bookcases, and lounge chairs.

Some of Aristoc's most popular designs include the "Model 203" armchair, which features a solid teak frame and leather upholstery, and the "Model 303" dining chair, which has a sculptural teak frame and woven cane seat and back.

Aristoc's mid-century furniture pieces are prized for their quality, craftsmanship, and timeless aesthetic, and are considered investment pieces that retain their value over time.

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Armand Marseille

Armand Marseille was born in Russia but founded a factory in Thuringa, Germany which began production of dolls in 1885 and continued through to the 1930s. Marseille's dolls were made of bisque, a type of porcelain that was popular for doll-making in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The dolls were known for their quality and attention to detail, and were produced in a wide range of sizes and styles to suit different tastes and budgets. Many of Marseille's dolls were made to look like infants or young children, with plump cheeks, curly hair, and bright, expressive eyes. Other dolls were made to look like adults, with more sophisticated features and elaborate costumes.

Marseille's dolls were popular in Germany and around the world, particularly in the United States, where they were sold by major retailers such as Sears, Roebuck and Co.

During World War I, Marseille's production was disrupted, but the company managed to survive and resumed production after the war. In the years that followed, Marseille continued to produce high-quality dolls, although the demand for bisque dolls began to decline as new materials such as plastic became more popular.

Armand Marseille dolls are highly prized by collectors for their historical significance and artistic value. Many of Marseille's dolls are considered to be among the finest examples of bisque dolls ever produced and can fetch high prices at auction. Despite the fact that production ceased over 80 years ago, Armand Marseille dolls continue to hold a special place in the hearts of collectors and doll enthusiasts around the world.

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Armillary Sphere / Orrery

An armillary sphere is a simple demonstration device constructed from rings and hoops, made from the second century to the nineteenth depicting the moon, sun, and planets in relation to the earth, usually made of bronze or brass, and periodically revised as theories of cosmology changed. The most attractive examples were made in the eighteenth century. The orrery is a more sophisticated version, usually powered by clockwork.

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Armorial / Armourial

Bearing a coat of arms. Coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in in the 12th century, and by the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the higher social classes of Europe. They were inherited from one generation to the next. When a family crest is used on individual items of silver or furniture it is an indicator of the aristocratic standing of the family represented.

Armorials were also used to decorate mass produced ceramic souvenir ware by such companies as Goss, Carlton & Shelley, and in these cases the coats of arms displayed were of boroughs and cities.

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Arne Norell

Arne Norell (1917–1971) was a Swedish mid-century furniture designer who is best known for his simple, elegant, and functional designs. He was born in Asele, Sweden in 1917 and studied at the Royal College of Arts in Stockholm. After graduating, he worked as an architect and designer before opening his own furniture workshop in 1954.

Norell's work was influenced by the Scandinavian modern style, which emphasized simplicity, functionality, and natural materials. He often used leather, wood, and metal in his designs, and he was known for his innovative use of materials and construction techniques.

Norell's most famous designs include the Inca armchair, the Indra sofa, and the Sirocco chair. These pieces are all characterized by their clean lines, comfortable seating, and high quality craftsmanship.

Arne Norell died in 1971 at the age of 54 and is considered one of the most important furniture designers of the 20th century.

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Arne Vodder

Arne Vodder was a Danish furniture designer known for his contributions to mid-century modern design. He was born in 1926 and studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. After graduating, he worked as a designer for several Danish furniture manufacturers, including Fritz Hansen, France & Søn, and Sibast.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Vodder gained recognition for his innovative and functional furniture designs. He was inspired by the principles of modernism and combined clean lines, organic shapes, and a focus on functionality in his creations. Vodder's designs often featured natural materials, such as wood and leather, and he had a particular affinity for the use of veneer.

Vodder collaborated with several Danish furniture manufacturers, including Fritz Hansen and Sibast Furniture, to produce his designs. His furniture pieces became highly sought after and were well-received both in Denmark and internationally.

One of Vodder's most iconic designs is the Sideboard Model No. 29, which he created in collaboration with Sibast Furniture in 1959. This sideboard is characterized by its sleek, minimalist design, clean lines, and expert craftsmanship. It showcases Vodder's ability to create furniture that is both aesthetically pleasing and highly functional.

Arne Vodder passed away on December 27, 2009. His work is considered part of the mid-century modern design movement, which emphasized simplicity, functionality, and a harmonious integration with nature. His furniture designs continue to be highly regarded and sought after.

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Arno Malinowski

Arno Malinowski was a renowned Danish jewellery designer who made significant contributions to the field of decorative arts in the mid-20th century. Born in 1899, in Denmark, Malinowski's innovative designs and meticulous craftsmanship established him as one of the leading figures in Danish jewellery design.

Malinowski began his artistic journey by studying sculpture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. His talent and passion for art soon led him to explore the world of jewellery design, and he joined the renowned Danish silversmith company, Georg Jensen, in 1936. At Georg Jensen, Malinowski found the perfect platform to express his creative vision. Arno Malinowski's designs were heavily influenced by the prevailing Art Deco and Art Nouveau styles of the time. His jewellery pieces often featured organic forms, intricate detailing, and a harmonious blend of flowing lines and geometric shapes. He drew inspiration from nature, incorporating elements such as flowers, leaves, and animals into his designs.

One of Malinowski's notable contributions was the creation of a series of brooches known as the "Annual Blossom" series. Introduced in the late 1930s, these brooches depicted different flowers that bloomed during each season, showcasing Malinowski's exceptional ability to capture the beauty of nature in his designs. These brooches became highly sought after and remain iconic examples of his work.

Malinowski's collaboration with Georg Jensen resulted in numerous successful collections. His designs combined traditional craftsmanship with innovative techniques and materials, pushing the boundaries of jewellery design. He also introduced the use of colorful gemstones and enamel, adding vibrancy and depth to his pieces. During his time at Georg Jensen, Arno Malinowski's creations received critical acclaim and won several awards, including a gold medal at the Paris World Exhibition in 1937. His work was exhibited in renowned international exhibitions, solidifying his reputation as a leading jewellery designer.

In the early 1940s, Malinowski left Georg Jensen and established his own workshop in Copenhagen. This allowed him greater creative freedom and independence to explore his unique artistic vision. His designs during this period continued to be highly sought after, with collectors and jewellery enthusiasts appreciating his exceptional skill and distinctive style.

Arno Malinowski died in 1976. His career spanned over four decades, and his designs continue to be celebrated for their timeless elegance and exceptional craftsmanship.

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Art and Crafts Movement

The Arts and Crafts movement began in Britain around 1880 and quickly spread across America and Europe. The Movement took its name from the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, founded in London 1887. One of the most influential figures behind the Arts and Crafts movements was the designer and writer William Morris. The movement continued until about 1920 and was followed by the Art Deco movement.

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Art Deco Jewellery

Art Deco jewellery is a style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, and it is characterized by its geometric shapes, bold colours, and the use of new materials such as platinum, chrome, and stainless steel. Some of the defining characteristics of Art Deco jewellery include:

•     Geometric shapes: Art Deco jewellery features strong geometric shapes, such as triangles, rectangles, circles, and trapezoids. These shapes are often used to create bold and striking designs.
•     Symmetry: Art Deco jewellery is often symmetrical, with patterns and motifs repeated on both sides of a piece.
•     Bold colors: Art Deco jewellery makes use of strong, vibrant colors, such as deep blues, greens, and reds. These colors are often contrasted with black and white for added impact.
•     Use of new materials: Art Deco jewellery was created at a time when new materials were becoming available, such as platinum, chrome, and stainless steel. These materials allowed designers to create sleek, modern designs that were unlike anything seen before.
•     Emphasis on craftsmanship: Art Deco jewellery is known for its high level of craftsmanship, with intricate details and precise lines.

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Art Deco Period

The Art Deco period was a cultural movement that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, and was characterized by its emphasis on modernism, luxury, and elegance. The name "Art Deco" comes from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, a large exhibition held in Paris in 1925 that showcased the latest trends in decorative arts.

Art Deco was a reaction against the ornate and elaborate styles of the previous era, and reflected a new modern sensibility. It was characterized by streamlined, geometric shapes, bright colours, and the use of new materials such as chrome, glass, and Bakelite. Art Deco designers sought to create a sense of luxury and sophistication, often incorporating expensive materials such as ivory, marble, and rare woods.

Art Deco had a significant impact on a wide range of artistic fields, including architecture, fashion, graphic design, and interior design. Some of the most iconic examples of Art Deco architecture include the Empire State Building in New York City, the Hoover Building in London, and the Palais de Chaillot in Paris.

The Art Deco period came to an end in the 1940s, as World War II and changing cultural trends led to a shift in artistic styles. However, Art Deco remains an important influence on design and art, and continues to be celebrated for its modernist sensibility and glamorous aesthetic.

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Art Nouveau Period

The Art Nouveau period was a cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th century, and was characterized by its emphasis on natural forms, flowing lines, and a decorative, ornamental style. Art Nouveau was a reaction against the ornate and heavily stylized designs of the previous era, and sought to create a new, more organic aesthetic.

Art Nouveau was characterized by its use of sinuous, curving lines, as well as a focus on natural elements such as flowers, vines, and other organic shapes. Art Nouveau designers sought to create a total work of art, in which every element of a building or object was designed to be harmonious with the overall design.

Some of the most iconic examples of Art Nouveau design include the Paris Metro entrances designed by Hector Guimard, the works of the artist Alphonse Mucha, and the architecture of Victor Horta in Brussels.

The Art Nouveau period was at its peak between 1890 and 1910, but began to decline in popularity by the start of World War I. However, Art Nouveau remains an important influence on design and art to this day, and continues to be celebrated for its emphasis on natural forms and decorative style.

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Art Union of London

Art Unions were organisations that functioned to promote and fund works of art. The members would pay an annual subscription, which would be used to purchase works of art, and these would then be distributed among its members by means of a ballot.

The Art Union of London was established in 1837 and by the 1840s was distributing art to the value of £9,000 each year.

The works purchased ranged from paintings which had been exhibited at the Royal Academy and in galleries to prints and smaller pieces including commissioned Parian wares, medals and bronze statuettes.

The membership numbers of the Art Union of London remained strong until the 1890s when they began to decline, and the Union was wound up in 1912.

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Artek

Artek is a Finnish furniture company founded in 1935 by four young idealists: architect Alvar Aalto, his wife Aino Aalto, visual arts promoter Nils-Gustav Hahl, and art historian Maire Gullichsen. The name Artek is a combination of "art" and "technology," reflecting the company's focus on the harmonious combination of traditional handicrafts and modern industrial production methods.

From its beginnings, Artek aimed to promote a modern Finnish design style and make it accessible to a broader public. The company's first collection included furniture designed by Alvar Aalto, such as the famous Stool 60, as well as textiles, lamps, and other household items.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Artek participated in numerous international exhibitions, showcasing the company's innovative designs and functional approach. The company's success continued after World War II, with new designers joining the team and expanding the product range.

Throughout the decades, Artek has remained committed to its founding principles of combining art, technology, and sustainability. Today, the company offers a wide range of furniture, lighting, and home accessories, all designed with a focus on timeless beauty, durability, and functionality.

Artek's products have won numerous awards and can be found in public spaces and private homes worldwide. The company continues to be a significant player in the global design scene, always striving to promote Finnish design.

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Arteluce

Arteluce was an Italian lighting company founded in 1939 by Gino Sarfatti. Sarfatti was an architect and lighting designer who was committed to creating modern and innovative lighting designs. Arteluce quickly became one of the leading lighting companies in Italy, and its designs were exported all over the world.

The company's early designs were inspired by the International Style, and they featured simple, geometric forms. Arteluce also collaborated with some of the leading architects and designers of the time, such as Gio Ponti, Ico Parisi, and Carlo Mollino. These collaborations resulted in some of Arteluce's most iconic designs, such as the "Parentesi" lamp by Achille Castiglioni and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, and the "Ape" lamp by Ico Parisi.

In the 1960s, Arteluce began to experiment with new materials and technologies. The company introduced plastic, fiberglass, and metal into its lighting designs, and it also began to use new methods of production, such as injection molding and metal casting. These innovations allowed Arteluce to create more complex and playful lighting designs.

Arteluce continued to produce innovative and stylish lighting designs until the 1980s. The company's designs are known for their high quality, durability, and functionality. Arteluce lights are also known for their minimalist aesthetic, which makes them a popular choice for modern and contemporary interiors.

In 1987, Arteluce was acquired by the Italian lighting company Flos. Flos continued to produce Arteluce designs under the Arteluce brand name until 2005. In 2005, Flos discontinued the Arteluce brand name, but the company still produces some of Arteluce's most iconic designs under the Flos brand name.

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Artemide

Artemide is an Italian lighting design company that was founded in 1960 by Ernesto Gismondi and Sergio Mazza. The company is based in Pregnana Milanese, near Milan, Italy.

During the 1960s, Artemide began to produce innovative lighting designs that were heavily influenced by the mid-century modern movement. One of their most iconic designs from this period is the "Eclisse" table lamp, which was created by designer Vico Magistretti in 1967. The lamp features a simple, cylindrical design with a rotating outer shell that can be used to adjust the brightness of the light.

Another notable design from Artemide during this period is the "Tizio" desk lamp, which was created by designer Richard Sapper in 1972. The lamp features a distinctive, angular design with a counterbalanced arm that allows the light to be positioned precisely where it is needed.

Artemide continued to produce innovative lighting designs throughout the 1970s and 1980s, collaborating with a number of prominent designers, including Issey Miyake, Mario Botta, Michele De Lucchi, Gae Aulenti, and Ross Lovegrove. In 1987, the company was awarded the Compasso d'Oro, one of the most prestigious awards in the field of industrial design, for their "Tolomeo" desk lamp, which was designed by Michele De Lucchi and Giancarlo Fassina.

Artemide is known for their cutting-edge lighting designs, which range from simple and elegant to complex and sculptural. The company has won numerous awards for their designs over the years, including multiple Compasso d'Oro awards and the Red Dot Design Award.

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Artes Studio

Artes Studio was a furniture design and retail business founded in Sydney, Australia in 1950 by Hungarian designer George Korody. Korody had studied design in Budapest and Vienna before immigrating to Australia in 1949. He was inspired by the European modernism of the time, and his designs for Artes Studio were characterized by their clean lines, simple forms, and use of natural materials.

Korody's designs were popular with Australia's emerging middle class, who were looking for modern and stylish furniture that was also affordable. Artes Studio quickly became one of the most successful furniture retailers in Sydney, and its products were sold in department stores and furniture stores across Australia.

In addition to its own designs, Artes Studio also imported and sold furniture from leading European designers such as Charles and Ray Eames, Hans Wegner, and Arne Jacobsen. This helped to introduce Australians to the latest trends in modern furniture design.

Artes Studio was also a pioneer in the use of new materials and technologies in Australian furniture making. In the 1950s, Korody began using plywood and other laminated materials in his designs, which allowed him to create more affordable and durable furniture. He also experimented with new manufacturing techniques, such as mass production, which helped to make his furniture more accessible to a wider audience.

Artes Studio was purchased by Kevin Jarrett in 1979 and in 1986 they merged with Arredorama and were later renamed Space Furniture which is still trading.

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Arthur J. Wilkinson, Royal Staffordshire Pottery

Arthur J. Wilkinson, Royal Staffordshire Pottery was a pottery at Newport in Burslem, that had been owned by the Shorter family since 1894. The pottery had formerly been operated in turn by Hopkin & Vernon, Hulme & Booth, Thomas Hulme, Burgess & Leigh, and Richard Alcock, who enlarged the works extensively. On Alcock's death in 1881, the owners became Wilkinson & Hulme and in 1885 to Arthur J. Wilkinson.

The works at first produced earthenware for the home market, but later operations concentrated on white graniteware for the United States. Wilkinson introduced gold lustre on graniteware, and in its heyday it employed about 400 manual workers. In about 1896 A. J. Wilkinson took over the Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem.

The pottery was managed by Colley Shorter and his brother Guy Shorter. By 1920 business had expanded so much, that the firm of A.J. Wilkinson was able to take over another neighbouring pottery which came to be known as the Newport Pottery Co.

Colley Shorter's second wife was the ceramic designer Clarice Cliff who had been working for the Royal Staffordshire Pottery since the age of 17. She attended evening classes at Burslem School of Art from 1924-1925 and studied sculpture at the Royal College of Art in 1927, but returned after only a few months to set up a small studio in Wilkinson's Newport Pottery, decorating traditional white-ware.

In 1927/8 a market testing of 60 dozen pieces of "Bizarre Ware", using reject stocks of sub-standard whiteware, and masking the blemishes with highly coloured decoration was organised by Colley Shorter. Wilkinson's salesmen were shocked by the extreme boldness of the Clarice Cliff designs and further astonished by the rapidity with which they sold. Handpainted Bizarre, the name chosen by Colley Shorter, the managing director of Wilkinson's, to cover the whole range, was launched.

In 1964 The factory was sold to Midwinter.

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Artifort

Artifort is a Dutch furniture company founded in 1923 by Willem Gispen. The company is known for its modern and innovative furniture designs, many of which were created by famous mid-century designers such as Pierre Paulin, Gerrit Timmer, and Hans Knoll. Its furniture is characterized by its use of new materials and technologies, as well as its clean lines and geometric shapes. The company's early designs were inspired by the Bauhaus movement, and Artifort furniture was often used in public spaces such as offices, schools, and hospitals.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Artifort furniture became popular in the United States, and the company's designs were featured in magazines such as Vogue and Architectural Digest. Artifort furniture is still in production today, and the company continues to collaborate with leading designers to create new and innovative pieces.

Some of the most famous Artifort furniture designs include the Ribbon Chair, designed by Pierre Paulin in 1955 , the Tulip Chair, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1956, the ELC Sofa, designed by Gerrit Timmer in 1963, the CS Chair, designed by Jasper Morrison in 1988.

Artifort furniture is highly collectible, and many of the company's designs are considered to be classics of modern design. If you are looking for a unique and stylish piece of furniture, Artifort is a great option. Notable mid-century designers who worked with Artifort include Pierre Paulin, a French designer who is best known for his curvaceous and upholstered furniture; Gerrit Timmer, a Dutch designer who is best known for his minimalist and functional furniture; Gerrit Timmer, mid-century furniture designer and Hans Knoll, an American designer who is best known for his modern and sleek furniture. His designs for Artifort include the Barcelona Chair and the Womb Chair.

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Arzberg Porcelain Factory

Arzberg porcelain was established in 1913 in Arzberg, Bavaria and quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality, functional porcelain products. During the 1920s and 1930s, Arzberg was known for its innovative designs, which combined traditional shapes with Art Deco influences. After World War II, the company continued to produce practical and stylish tableware, and in the 1970s and 1980s, it introduced new collections with a more modern aesthetic. Today, Arzberg porcelain is considered a classic brand and is still highly valued by collectors and lovers of fine porcelain. Arzberg porcelain is made using traditional techniques and is known for its durability and resistance to chipping and breaking. The factory produces a wide range of porcelain products, including dinnerware, serving pieces, and decorative objects.

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Asahi Trading Company

Asahi Trading Company aka Asahi Gangu Seisakusho / Asahi Corp. was a Japanese toy manufacturer that was founded in 1948. The company was located in Tokyo, and it specialized in producing tinplate toys.

The company's diecast toys were known for their high quality and their innovative designs. The company produced a wide variety of toys, including cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and animals. Asahi Trading Company's toys were also known for their brightly colored designs, which appealed to children.

Asahi Trading Company's toys were exported to countries all over the world, and they were popular with children of all ages. The company's toys were also featured in a number of movies and television shows, which helped to increase their popularity.

Asahi Trading Company went out of business in the 1970s.

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Aseda Glasbruk

Aseda Glasbruk was a glassworks in Åseda, Sweden, that was in operation from 1947 to 1977. The glassworks was founded by Gunnar Nilsson and Nils Andersson. Aseda Glasbruk was known for its colorful and modern glassware. The glassworks produced a wide variety of items, including vases, bowls, and glasses. The glassware was designed by a number of talented designers, including Bo Borgstrom, Ake Pernby, and Vicke Lindstrand. Aseda Glasbruk was a successful glassworks for many years. However, the glassworks closed in 1977 due to financial difficulties. The glassworks was a major loss to the Swedish glassmaking industry, and its products are still sought after by collectors today.

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Ashworth Bros.

Ashworth Bros. was a company based in Hanley, England that produced ceramics from 1862 -1968. Ashworth Bros was founded in 1848 and was known for its high-quality, hand-crafted ceramics. The firm succeeded Morley & Ashworth (1858-60) which had acquired the rights to the Mason patent for ironstone china. Masons Ironstone China is a type of ceramics that is made from a mixture of fine clay and iron oxide. It was developed in the early 19th century and was known for its durability and resistance to chipping and breaking. Ashworth Bros. produced a wide range of ceramics products, including dinnerware, decorative pieces, and figurines. The company's products were highly sought after and were known for their beautiful designs and attention to detail. Ashworth Bros. operated until the early 20th century. Since 1973 the company has been part of the Wedgwood group.

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Asprey & Co.

The London firm of luxury goods manufacturers and retailers was founded by William Asprey in 1781.

The range of goods handled includes jewellery, silverware, home goods, leather goods, timepieces, accessories and polo equipment and a retailer of books.

The company has held Royal Warrants for the supply of goods to the British Royalty since the 1830s.

As well as the flagship store in New Bond Street, where the company has been located since the 1830s, Asprey also has stores in the United States, Switzerland and Japan.

Anything with an Asprey mark is highly regarded by collectors.

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Assay / Assayed

Assaying is the testing of a metal, most commonly silver and gold to determine its ingredients and quality. In Britain, once an item of silver or gold has been assayed, a mark is stamped on it, certifying its purity. Known as hallmark, it derives its name from the Guild Hall of the Goldsmiths' Company, who recieved its Charter in 1327 giving it the power to assay and mark articles of gold and silver.

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Astor Radios

Astor was an Australian brand of radios and other electric and electronic products from Electronic Industries that was established in 1926 by Sir Arthur Warner.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Astor produced a wide range of radios, including console models, table models, and portable radios. The company was known for its high-quality products, which were often more affordable than similar radios from other brands.

One of Astor's most popular radios was the "Mickey" model, which was first introduced in the late 1930s. The Mickey was a small, portable radio that was designed to look like the head of the popular cartoon character, Mickey Mouse. The radio became a cultural icon in Australia and was popular with children and adults alike.

During World War II, Astor shifted its focus to producing military equipment, including radios and radar systems. After the war, the company resumed production of consumer electronics and continued to innovate with new products, such as the Astorvision television in the 1950s.

In 1956 a majority stake was sold to the English electronics company Pye Ltd , and Pye was later taken over in 1966 by the giant Philips electronics company.

In the 1960s, Astor began to face increasing competition from foreign electronics manufacturers, and the company struggled to remain profitable. Products continued to be produced under the Astor-brand until the early 1970s.

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Atelier

Atelier (French for "workshop"), in English usuage describes the workshop of an artist in the fine or decorative arts, where the artist and a number of assistants, students and apprentices worked together producing pieces that went out in the artists name. This was the standard practice for European artists from the Middle Ages to the 18th or 19th century

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Atkin Brothers

The Atkin Brothers were a Sheffield silversmithing firm that was founded in 1824 by Henry Atkin and Thomas Oxley. The firm was originally known as Atkin, Oxley & Co., but it was renamed Atkin Brothers in 1853 after Henry Atkin's death. They were one of the leading silversmithing firms in Sheffield during the 19th century. The firm produced a wide range of silver objects, including flatware, hollowware, and jewellery. They embraced technological advancements, such as electroplating, which allowed them to create silver-plated wares that were more accessible to a broader audience.

Atkin Brothers was also known for its innovative designs, and the firm won several awards for its work at the Great Exhibition of 1851and the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1855, where their exceptional creations garnered critical acclaim

The firm continued to be successful in the early 20th century and continued its operation under various names and ownerships, maintaining its commitment to quality and craftsmanship. It was eventually acquired by British Silverware Ltd. in 1963. British Silverware Ltd. discontinued the Atkin Brothers brand in 1971.

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Attributed

A cataloguing term where the item in the opinion of the cataloguers, is a of the period of the artist, craftsman or designer, and which probably in whole or part is the work of that person.

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Aubusson Tapestries

Aubusson tapestries have a long

history dating back to the Middle Ages. The town of Aubusson, where the

tapestries are made, has a history of textile production that stretches back to

the 13th century, and it is believed that the first Aubusson tapestries were

produced around this time. However, the town of Aubusson really began to thrive

as a center of tapestry production in the 16th century, when it became known

for producing high-quality tapestries for the French royal court and other

wealthy patrons. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Aubusson tapestries became

especially popular and were produced in large quantities for export to other

countries in Europe and beyond. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the production

of Aubusson tapestries continued, although it faced competition from other

types of decorative textiles such as machine-made carpets. Traditionally,

Aubusson tapestries were made using wool yarn and a technique called

"petit point," in which the wool yarn is woven onto a canvas backing

to create a detailed and highly-textured image. Today, modern tapestries may

also be made using other materials, such as cotton or silk, and may incorporate

other techniques such as silk-screen printing or machine weaving. Aubusson

tapestries are often used as wall hangings or decorative pieces in homes, and

they are also used in public spaces such as museums, churches, and government

buildings. They are known for their durability and longevity, and many antique

Aubusson tapestries still exist and are highly valued for their historical and

artistic significance.

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August Ludwig Brunkhorst

August Ludwig Brunkhorst was a prominent watchmaker and jeweller in Adelaide, Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born on October 18, 1849, in Hamburg, Germany, and arrived in Australia in 1870. He settled in Adelaide, where he established a successful watchmaking and jewellery business.

Brunkhorst's business, which was located on Rundle Street in Adelaide, specialised in the manufacture and repair of watches and clocks, as well as the design and creation of jewellery. He was known for his high level of skill and craftsmanship, and his work was highly regarded throughout the community.

In addition to his work as a watchmaker and jeweller, Brunkhorst was also an active member of the Adelaide community. He served as a member of the Adelaide City Council, and was involved in various charitable and cultural organizations.

August Ludwig Brunkhorst passed away on November 14, 1919, at the age of 70. His legacy as a skilled craftsman and respected member of the community lives on in the many examples of his work that survive today.

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August Moreau

August Moreau, born on November 23, 1834, in Dijon, France, was a highly esteemed sculptor known for his exquisite bronze works during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born into a family of artists, with his father Jean-Baptiste Moreau being a successful sculptor as well. He received his artistic training under the guidance of his father and quickly developed his own distinctive style. He primarily focused on creating small-scale bronze sculptures that depicted a variety of subjects, including allegorical figures, mythological scenes, genre figures, and animals. His sculptures often showcased intricate details and a remarkable level of realism.

During the late 19th century, Moreau gained recognition for his ability to capture delicate emotions and expressions in his bronze figures. His works radiated a sense of grace, elegance, and sentimentality that appealed to a wide audience. Moreau's sculptures were particularly sought after by collectors and art enthusiasts who appreciated the refined beauty and meticulous craftsmanship that characterized his creations.

One of Moreau's notable achievements was his participation in the prestigious Paris Salon, an annual art exhibition held in Paris. His works were regularly showcased at the prestigious Paris Salon, an annual art exhibition held in Paris, where they received critical acclaim and garnered attention from prominent art critics and collectors. Moreau's sculptures won several awards and medals, including the coveted medal of the Salon.

Throughout his career, Moreau collaborated with esteemed foundries such as Ferdinand Barbedienne and Susse Frères, who were renowned for their exceptional casting and finishing techniques. This collaboration ensured that Moreau's sculptures were executed with the utmost precision and maintained the high quality for which he was known. Moreau's subject matter often drew inspiration from mythology, literature, and everyday life. His sculptures depicted graceful maidens, cherubs, dancers, and pastoral scenes, capturing moments frozen in time with an exquisite sense of movement and elegance. Moreau's attention to detail, nuanced expressions, and refined compositions set him apart as a master of his craft.

August Moreau's artistic career spanned several decades, during which he created an extensive body of work. His sculptures continue to be admired and collected today, with many pieces showcased in museums, galleries, and private collections around the world. Moreau's contributions to the field of sculpture are considered significant, as he played a vital role in shaping the artistic landscape of his time.

August Moreau passed away on February 11, 1917.

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August Schramm

August Schramm operated from 38 Kerr Street Fitzroy from 1891-1904, and then moved to 60 Westgarth Street Fitzroy until 1924. His work using Australian native timbers was unsurpassed in his day, making spectacular specimen wood boxes and superb picture frames using the finest cuts of timber.

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Auguste Rodin

Auguste Rodin was a French sculptor who is considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was born in Paris in 1840 and died there in 1917. Rodin was largely self-educated, and began to draw at age 10. Between ages 14 and 17, he attended the Petite École, a school specializing in art and mathematics where he studied drawing and painting.

Rodin's early work was in the traditional academic style, but he soon began to develop his own unique style, which was characterized by its emphasis on realism and emotion. His most famous works include The Thinker, The Kiss, The Gates of Hell, and The Burghers of Calais.

Rodin's work was controversial in his own time, but it is now widely recognized as some of the most important sculpture of the 19th century. He was a major influence on many other sculptors, including Henry Moore and Alberto Giacometti.

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Australian Bicentenary

The Australian Bicentenary was a significant event in the history of Australia, which celebrated the 200th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet at Port Jackson in New South Wales in 1788. The Bicentenary celebrations took place throughout the year 1988 and included a wide range of events and activities.

The Bicentenary celebrations were planned and organized by the Australian Bicentennial Authority, which was established by the Australian government in 1980. The Authority was responsible for coordinating a range of events and initiatives that aimed to celebrate the history, achievements, and diversity of Australia's people and culture.

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Australian Colonial Furniture

Australian Colonial furniture was made in the early years of settlement in Australia during the 19th century. It is characterized by a fusion of European and Australian design elements, reflecting the influences of the country's colonial history. Some of the features of Australian Colonial furniture include:

•    Use of native Australian timbers: The furniture was often made from native Australian timbers, such as cedar, blackwood, and huon pine.

•    Simple designs: Australian Colonial furniture was typically simple in design, with clean lines and minimal ornamentation. This reflected the practical nature of the early colonial settlers.

•    Influences from European design: Despite its simplicity, Australian Colonial furniture often reflected European design influences, particularly from English, Scottish, and Irish styles.

•    Comfortable seating: Chairs and sofas were designed to be comfortable and often had padded seats and backs.

•    Turned legs: Many pieces of furniture had turned legs, which were a popular design element in both European and Australian furniture at the time.

•    Carvings and inlays: While the overall design of Australian Colonial furniture was simple, some pieces had intricate carvings or inlays that added decorative elements.

•    Durability: Given the harsh climate of Australia, Australian Colonial furniture was often built to be sturdy and durable, with thick legs and frames.

Overall, Australian Colonial furniture is known for its simplicity, practicality, and use of native Australian materials, reflecting the country's early colonial history and influences from Europe.

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Australian Colonial Goldfields Brooches

Australian Colonial Goldfields brooches have a rich history dating back to the mid-19th century gold rush era in Australia during. The brooches were a popular form of jewellery worn by women during this period, particularly those who were married to miners or who had family members working in the goldfields.

The brooches were made from gold mined from the Australian colonial goldfields, which were located primarily in Victoria, New South Wales, Western Australia and Queensland. These goldfields were discovered in the mid-1800s, and the subsequent gold rush led to a significant increase in the Australian population, as people flocked to the region in search of wealth and opportunity.

The brooches themselves were often quite ornate, featuring intricate designs that were meant to showcase the beauty of the Australian landscape and the wealth of the goldfields. Many brooches featured images of mining tools, such as picks and shovels, as well as depictions of local flora and fauna, such as kangaroos and gum trees.

In addition to being a fashion statement, the brooches also served as a symbol of pride and patriotism for the Australian people. As the country began to emerge as a major player on the global stage, the brooches came to represent the spirit of innovation and hard work that had made Australia a success.

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Australian Federation

The Australian Federation was established on January 1, 1901, marking the official union of the six colonies of Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. The federation was the result of decades of political and social debate, and it marked a significant milestone in the country's history.

The process of federation began in the 1890s, when a series of constitutional conventions were held to draft a constitution for a united Australia. The final version of the constitution was approved in 1899 and was subsequently put to a series of referendums in each of the colonies. The referenda were successful, and on January 1, 1901, the Australian Constitution came into effect.

Under the new constitution, Australia became a federal parliamentary democracy, with a bicameral parliament consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The constitution also established a federal system of government, with certain powers delegated to the central government and others retained by the states.

The first federal election was held in March 1901, and the newly-formed Commonwealth Parliament met for the first time in May of that year. The first Prime Minister of Australia was Sir Edmund Barton, who led a coalition of parties known as the Protectionist Party.

The establishment of the Australian Federation had significant implications for the country's economy, politics, and social structure. It marked the beginning of a new era of national unity and cooperation, and it paved the way for significant reforms in areas such as education, healthcare, and labor relations.

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Autoart

AUTOart is a Hong Kong-based company that specializes in the production of high-quality die-cast toy vehicles. The company was founded in 1998 by Mr. Jimmy Yee, who had a passion for automobiles and a vision to create accurate and detailed scale models. The company gained recognition in the toy industry for its commitment to craftsmanship and attention to detail. The company focused on producing 1:18 scale model cars, replicating both classic and contemporary vehicles from various automotive brands. They aimed to capture the essence and intricacies of each car, ensuring a realistic and authentic representation.

One of AUTOart's key strengths was its dedication to accuracy. The company employed skilled model makers and utilized advanced manufacturing techniques to meticulously recreate the exterior and interior features of the actual vehicles. They paid attention to minute details such as the paint finish, opening doors and hoods, functioning suspension systems, and intricately designed engine compartments. Their commitment to quality and realism quickly garnered them a reputation as a leading manufacturer of die-cast model cars. Collectors and automotive enthusiasts around the world appreciated their products for their exceptional craftsmanship and faithful replication of iconic automobiles.

Over the years, AUTOart expanded its product range to include different scales, such as 1:43, 1:12, and 1:64, catering to a wider audience. They diversified their offerings to encompass not only cars but also motorcycles, trucks, and other automotive-related accessories. AUTOart's success in the toy industry allowed them to secure licenses and partnerships with various prestigious automotive brands. This enabled them to produce officially licensed models, ensuring the highest level of accuracy and authenticity. Some of the notable collaborations include renowned manufacturers like Porsche, Lamborghini, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz.

AUTOart continues to produce a wide range of die-cast toy vehicles, maintaining its focus on craftsmanship, accuracy, and attention to detail.

Automatons / Automata

The history of automatons, or self-operating machines, dates back to ancient times. One of the earliest known examples of an automaton is the mythical figure of Pygmalion's statue, which was said to have been brought to life by the Greek god Zeus. In the ancient world, automatons were also used as tools for entertainment, with examples such as the hydraulic singing birds of ancient Rome and the mechanical puppets of ancient China.

In the Middle Ages, automatons were used in clock towers and other public places to mark the passing of time and to entertain the public. Some of these automatons were quite elaborate, with moving parts and mechanical functions that were powered by water or weights.

During the Enlightenment period of the 18th century, automatons became more sophisticated and were used to demonstrate scientific principles and innovations. In the 19th and 20th centuries, advances in technology and manufacturing led to the development of more complex and sophisticated automata for the consumer market and could be found fitted to clock, watches, dolls, robots and novelty items that could perform a wide range of tasks.

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Autore Pearls

Autore Pearls Pty. Ltd. is an Australian pearl farming and jewelry company based in Sydney, Australia. The company was founded by Rosario Autore in 1991.

Rosario Autore was born in Sicily, Italy, and grew up in a family of fishermen. In the early 1970s, he moved to Australia and began working in the pearling industry in Western Australia. In 1991, he founded Autore Pearls with the aim of creating high-quality pearl jewelry using pearls grown in Australian waters.

Autore Pearls quickly gained a reputation for producing some of the most beautiful and unique pearl jewelry in the world. The company's designs are known for their innovative use of color, texture, and shape, and for the high quality of the pearls used in each piece.

In addition to its jewellery collections, Autore Pearls is also involved in pearl farming and has farms in several locations around Australia. The company is committed to sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices, and its pearls are certified by the Australian South Sea Pearls Certification Authority.

Today, Autore Pearls is one of the most respected names in the pearl industry, and its jewellery is sold in some of the world's most exclusive boutiques and department stores. The company has won numerous awards for its designs and is recognized as a leader in the field of pearl jewellery.

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B&b Italia Spa (italy)

B&B Italia SpA is an Italian furniture manufacturer that has been at the forefront of contemporary design since its founding in 1966 by Piero Ambrogio Busnelli. The company has a rich history of collaborating with prominent designers to create innovative, functional, and stylish furniture.

In the 1960s, Busnelli, who had previously worked in his family's furniture business, saw an opportunity to create a new brand that focused on contemporary design. He founded B&B Italia and began working with designers such as Gaetano Pesce and Mario Bellini to create furniture that was both innovative and functional.

Throughout the 1970s, B&B Italia continued to expand its product line and collaborate with prominent designers. In 1972, the company launched the Up Series, designed by Gaetano Pesce, which featured a unique shape and modular design. Other notable designs from this decade included the Camaleonda sofa by Mario Bellini and the Sisamo chair by Kazuhide Takahama.

In the 1980s, B&B Italia expanded its reach internationally, opening showrooms in major cities such as Paris, New York, and Tokyo. The company also continued to innovate, introducing new materials and technologies in its products. In 1987, B&B Italia launched the Le Bambole sofa by Mario Bellini, which featured a soft, curvy shape and was widely successful.

The 1990s saw B&B Italia continuing to collaborate with top designers, including Antonio Citterio, who designed the Charles sofa in 1997. The company also acquired other furniture brands, such as Arclinea, a high-end kitchen manufacturer, and Maxalto, a brand that specializes in classic, elegant furniture.

In the 2000s, B&B Italia continued to expand globally, opening new showrooms in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Dubai. The company also introduced new products, such as the Tufty-Time sofa by Patricia Urquiola, which featured a tufted design and modular components.

B&B Italia continues to work with prominent designers to create innovative products. The company has won numerous awards for its designs and has established itself as a leader in the furniture industry.

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Baccarat

Baccarat is a French luxury brand that is known for its high-quality crystal glassware and other decorative items. The company was founded in 1764 by King Louis XV of France, who granted a royal charter to create a glassworks in the town of Baccarat, located in the Lorraine region of eastern France. The company has a long history of producing fine crystal glassware and has gained a reputation for creating some of the most beautiful and elegant pieces in the world. From the 19th century Baccarat was a leading producer of high class cut glass tableware. The company has also produced a wide range of other products over the years, including jewellery, lamps, and other decorative items. Today, Baccarat is still a leading producer of luxury glassware and is known for its commitment to craftsmanship and quality. It currently trades as Compagnie des Cristalleries de Baccarat.

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Bacchus Motif

The Bacchus motif is a design that features the Roman god Bacchus, who is the god of wine, parties, and celebration. Bacchus is often depicted as a young man with long hair and a beard, holding a bunch of grapes or a wine cup. The Bacchus motif is often used in art and design as a symbol of abundance, revellery, and enjoyment. It can be found on a variety of decorative items, including glassware, ceramics, and other home decor items. The Bacchus motif represents the joy and celebration that can be found in social gatherings and the pleasures of good food and drink.

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Bactrian

The Bactrian civilization was an ancient Iranian civilization that flourished in Central Asia from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD. The Bactrians were an Indo-Iranian people who spoke the Bactrian language, a member of the Eastern Iranian language family.

The Bactrian civilization was located in the region of Bactria, which is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. The region was a crossroads of cultures, and the Bactrians were influenced by both the Greek and Indian civilizations.

The Bactrians were a wealthy and sophisticated people. They were skilled craftsmen and produced beautiful works of art, including coins, sculptures, jewellery, and pottery. They were also known for their military prowess, and they played a major role in the Silk Road trade.

The Bactrian civilization declined in the 4th century AD, and it was eventually absorbed by the Kushan Empire. However, the Bactrians left a lasting legacy, and their culture can still be seen in the region today.

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Baize

Baize is a type of fabric that is made from wool or a wool blend. It is a dense, closely-woven fabric that is smooth to the touch and has a matte finish. Baize is often used for covering surfaces, such as table tops or the playing surface of card, pool and billiard tables, and for lining drawers and boxes, because it is durable and resistant to wear. This fabric is often associated with gambling and is often used on casino gaming tables and other gaming equipment.

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Bakelite

Bakelite was the first completely synthetic man-made substance. Bakelite was invented in 1909 by an independent New York chemist Leo H. Baekeland. It was called the "material of a thousand uses" and used to make everything from car parts to jewellery.

Although nearly all plastic from this period is known as ‘Bakelite', it is important to remember that this is an umbrella term that covers many different early plastics such as Lucite and cellulose acetate, and includes Bakelite.

We often think of the colour of Bakelite items as dark brown, but it was manufactured in various colours including yellow, butterscotch, red, green and brown.

Bakelite could also be transparent, or marbleised by mixing two colours. Plastics were cheap to produce and could be moulded or carved in a huge variety of ways.

Bakelite is most commonly associated with radio cases of the 1930s, telephones and kitchen utensils, but it was also used extensively in jewellery manufacture.

Early designs from the 1920s were plainer and simpler than later examples. Geometric and floral patterns typical of Art Deco styling were popular.

During its heyday in the 1930s, Bakelite jewellery was stocked by the most prestigious stores, such as Saks, Harrods and Macy’s, who dedicated a shop window display to it in 1935.

Coco Chanel featured Bakelite items in her accessories collection and the material was praised frequently in Vogue magazine.

Manufacture of some consumer Items were suspended in 1942 in order to concentrate manufacturing on the war effort.

Small items made of Bakelite are now valuable collectables. Andy Warhol was an avid collector, and when he died in 1987, his pieces sold for record prices at Sotheby's.

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Bakewell Brothers Ltd.

BBakewell Brothers Ltd was a pottery company based in the Sydney suburb of Erskinville and was active from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. The company was founded by Thomas, William, and John Bakewell in 1884, and initially focused on producing bricks and tiles.

However, in the 1890s Bakewell Brothers had shifted their focus to producing ceramic wares, including decorative pieces and household items.

One of the key factors behind Bakewell Brothers' success was their use of innovative technology and techniques in their production process. They were one of the first pottery companies in Australia to use a continuous kiln for firing their ceramics, which allowed them to produce large quantities of high-quality wares at a lower cost.

Bakewell Brothers produced a wide range of pottery items, including vases, jugs, bowls, plates, and other household items. Many of their pieces were decorated with intricate designs and patterns, and some featured scenes of Australian flora and fauna.

They also produced wares under other marks including ‘Beulah Ware’, ‘Newtone Art Ware’ and ‘Trent Art Ware’, as well as unmarked wares..

After the World War II, the company continued to produce high-quality pottery, but faced increased competition from cheaper imported ceramics and closed in 1955.

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Baleen

Baleen is the filter feeder system in a baleen whale, and these whales have several hundred plates of baleen with a hairy fringe on their upper jaw.

Baleen refers to the solid plate, and it is historically important as it was sought by whalers as a by-product of the whaling industry, who called it whalebone, though it is not made of bone at all, and used it for scrimshaw.

The earliest artefacts were made of baleen produced from Arctic whaling in the 17th century.

In the 19th century baleen was an important raw material, comparable to present-day plastics. Its thermoplastic nature and strength meant it could be used to make a wide variety of functional and decorative objects.

Sailors used baleen to make sewing boxes and other small containers and another common use was brush bristles; it was even used as runners on toboggans.

Baleen basketry was developed into a craft, with examples of simple baskets to complex woven ones, which could take months to complete.

Other shore-based uses included in corsets, buggy whips, umbrella ribs, canes, skirt hoops and especially as a cheaper substitute for ivory in carving.

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Bally

Bally is a Swiss luxury fashion house established in 1851 by Carl Franz Bally and his brother Fritz. Historically known for its shoes, the brand also produces bags, accessories, and ready-to-wear. Carl Franz Bally was born in 1821 in Schönenwerd, Switzerland. He joined the family business, a silk ribbon manufacturer, when he was 17. In 1851, he decided to go into shoe manufacturing after a stay in Paris. He opened his first shoemaking workshop in the basement of his family home.

Bally quickly became known for its high-quality shoes. The company used the latest technology and materials, and its shoes were made by skilled craftsmen. Bally also pioneered the use of new marketing techniques, such as advertising and celebrity endorsements.

In the late 19th and 20th century, Bally began to expand its operations. The company opened new factories in Switzerland and other countries, and it began to sell its shoes in department stores and other retail outlets around the world. Bally also began to produce other leather goods, such as bags and belts. Bally also became a major sponsor of sporting events, such as the Olympic Games.

Bally is now a leading luxury fashion brand and has continued to invest in its brand and its products. The company has opened new stores in China and other emerging markets, and it has partnered with celebrities and designers to create new collections. Bally is committed to creating high-quality, stylish products that reflect its Swiss heritage. Bally products are sold in over 100 countries around the world.

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Bandai Co. Ltd.

Bandai is a Japanese toy and hobby company that was founded by World War II veteran Naoharu Yamashina as Bandai-Yain 1950. The company is known for producing a wide range of products, including action figures, model kits, and collectibles based on popular franchises such as "Dragon Ball," "Gundam," and "Power Rangers." Bandai is also known for its line of Tamagotchi virtual pets, which were extremely popular in the 1990s. In addition to its toy and hobby products, Bandai also produces a variety of other products, including clothing, accessories, and home goods. The company is headquartered in Tait?, Tokyo, Japan and has operations around the world.

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Bark Paintings

Australian Aboriginal bark paintings are a form of traditional Indigenous art that originated in the northern regions of Australia. The paintings are created using natural pigments on sheets of tree bark, which are harvested from eucalyptus or paperbark trees.

This art form has been practiced for thousands of years by Indigenous communities, and the paintings typically depict stories from the Dreamtime, which is the mythology and spiritual beliefs of the Aboriginal people. The Dreamtime stories are often passed down from generation to generation through oral traditions, and the paintings serve as a visual representation of these stories.

Bark paintings can vary in size, with some being quite small and others being several meters long. The designs on the paintings are often complex and intricate, featuring geometric patterns, animals, and other figures from Aboriginal mythology.

Bark paintings are highly valued as works of art and can be found in museums and private collections around the world. Many contemporary Indigenous artists continue to create bark paintings using traditional techniques, while others have adapted the style to incorporate modern materials and techniques.

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Barry Brickell

Barry Brickell was a well-known New Zealand artist, potter, and conservationist who is best known for his unique and distinctive ceramic works. Born in Auckland in 1935, Brickell attended the Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland and later trained in pottery in England and Japan.

Brickell returned to New Zealand in the late 1960s and established his own pottery workshop on the Coromandel Peninsula, where he spent most of his life. He quickly gained a reputation for his hand-built, wood-fired pottery that was inspired by the natural environment around him, including the native flora and fauna of the area.

One of Brickell's signature styles was his use of unglazed clay, which he would fire at high temperatures to create a distinctively textured surface. He also experimented with glazes and slip decoration, producing works that were both functional and sculptural in nature.

In addition to his pottery, Brickell was a passionate conservationist and environmentalist. He founded the Driving Creek Railway and Potteries, a heritage railway and ecological restoration project on his property in Coromandel. The project became a popular tourist attraction and allowed Brickell to combine his love of pottery, the environment, and sustainable living.

Throughout his career, Brickell received numerous awards and accolades for his contributions to New Zealand art and culture. He was made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2004 for services to pottery and conservation.

Barry Brickell passed away in 2016.

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Bas Relief

Bas relief, or low relief, is a carved surface in which the figures project from the background, but only to a limited extent. When a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone or wood, the background or field is lowered, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. There are other degrees of relief carving, including high relief and mid relief.

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Basalt

Basalt is a hard, dense volcanic rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava, and makes up most of the earth's oceanic crust.

However it is also the name given by Josiah Wedgwood in 1768 to a fine black unglazed porcelain which he called Wedgwood Black Basalt.

Using this fine-grained stoneware he was able to produce copies of the newly excavated Etruscan pottery from Italy, with a lustrous and smooth, surface, and this new innovation proved to be a huge commercial success.

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Basket Weave / Basketweave

Basket weave is a decorative pattern that is often used in textiles, ceramics, furniture and other decorative arts. It is created by actual or simulated interweaving of horizontal and vertical threads or strips to create a pattern that resembles a woven basket.

In textiles, basket weave can be created using various materials such as fabric, yarn, or ribbon. It is often used to create decorative details on clothing, upholstery, and other household items. Simulated basket weave can also be created using ceramic clay, timber or other materials, and it is often used to decorate pottery, tiles, furniture, silver and other decorative objects.

Basket weave patterns can vary in complexity, from simple, straightforward designs to more intricate, elaborate patterns. The size and spacing of the interwoven threads or strips can also be varied to create different effects. Basket weave is often used to create a natural, rustic look and is often associated with traditional crafts and folk art.

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Basse Taille

Basse-taille is a technique used in enameling, which is the process of applying a layer of vitreous coloured enamel to the surface of metal. Basse-taille is a French term that means "low cut". The enamel is applied to a recessed area of the metal surface, rather than being applied on top of the surface.

To create a basse-taille design, the metal surface is first carved or etched with a design. The recessed areas are then filled with enamel, which is fused to the metal at high temperatures. The enamel is then ground and polished to a smooth finish, creating a design that is set into the metal surface.

Basse-taille enamel work is known for its delicate, detailed designs and the high level of skill required to create them. It is often used to create jewellery and other decorative objects, and it is especially popular in the Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles.

Bassett-Lowke Model Trains

Bassett-Lowke was a British company that was known for producing high-quality model trains and other scale models. The company was founded by Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke in 1898 and was active until 1971.

The company was one of the first companies to produce mass-market model trains, and it was known for its attention to detail and its use of high-quality materials. The company produced a wide range of model trains, including steam locomotives, diesel engines, and electric trains. It also produced other scale models, including ships, airplanes, and automobiles.

Bassett-Lowke was a major competitor of the German toy company Gebruder Bing. Both companies were known for producing high-quality model trains and other scale models. However, Gebrüder Bing was significantly larger than Bassett-Lowke, and it had a wider range of products.

In addition to its model trains, Bassett-Lowke was also known for its work in architectural modelling. The company created detailed scale models of buildings and other structures for a variety of clients, including architects, developers, and government agencies.

Bassett-Lowke's model trains were popular in the United Kingdom and were also exported to other countries. The company's products are now highly sought after by collectors.

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Batik

Batik is a traditional dyeing technique used to create patterns on textiles. It originated in Indonesia, but it is now practiced in many other countries around the world. The process of creating batik involves coating a fabric with wax and then dyeing it. The wax resists the dye, so the areas of the fabric that are coated with wax remain the original colour. The fabric is then coated with wax again, and a different colour dye is applied. This process is repeated until the desired pattern is achieved. The wax is then removed, either by boiling the fabric or by using solvents, to reveal the final design. Batik is used to create a wide range of products, including clothing, home furnishings, and decorative items.

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Bauhaus

Bauhaus refers to design concepts that originated at the German art school of the same name that was founded in 1919 by architect Walter Gropius. The school was based on the principles of modernist design, and sought to bridge the gap between art and industry by teaching students how to create functional and aesthetically pleasing designs for mass production.

Bauhaus had a significant impact on modern design and architecture, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential art schools of the 20th century. The school's approach to design emphasized simplicity, functionality, and the use of new materials and technologies. Bauhaus designers sought to create clean, uncluttered designs that were free from unnecessary ornamentation.

Bauhaus had a strong influence on a wide range of artistic fields, including architecture, furniture design, typography, and graphic design. Some of the most iconic examples of Bauhaus design include the Barcelona Chair by Mies van der Rohe, the Bauhaus Building in Dessau by Walter Gropius, and the typography of Herbert Bayer.

Bauhaus was active from 1919 until 1933, when it was forced to close by the Nazi government. However, the school's ideas and principles continue to be influential in design and art to this day.

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Baxter Prints (george Baxter)

George Baxter (1804-1867) developed the Baxter colour printing process, which gained international renown. After serving as an apprentice to a wood-engraver, he dedicated eight years to perfecting his technique. In 1829, Baxter produced his first colour print titled "Butterflies."

Baxter's process involved combining an engraved metal plate with up to twenty engraved wooden blocks. Each block was printed separately in a distinct colour, using a combination of intaglio and relief techniques. The resulting prints were of excellent quality yet affordable, leading to their widespread production. Baxter prints found their way into various applications, such as notepaper, pocket-books, decorated music sheets, needle cases, and book illustrations.

In recognition of his innovative process, Baxter was granted a royal patent in 1835 (Patent No. 6916 - Improvements in Producing Coloured Steel Plate, Copper Plate and other Impressions). The patent remained in effect from 1835 to 1854. In the final years of this period, Baxter licensed his method to different printers who continued using it until the 1870s. After the expiry of Baxter's patent in 1854, his process was gradually replaced by other colour printing methods like chromolithography.

Baxter prints can be distinguished by specific characteristics unique to each technique employed in the process, such as the aquatint grain, the darker lines of the intaglio plate, and the flattened edges of the relief blocks.

Despite producing an estimated 20 million prints throughout his career, Baxter faced financial challenges and died just two years after being declared bankrupt. Factors contributing to his difficulties included competition from rival companies, the increasing popularity of photography, and Baxter's own pursuit of perfection in a time-consuming process.

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Bayonets

The military bayonet has a long history dating back to the 17th century. It was originally developed as a weapon for soldiers to use when they ran out of ammunition, and it has evolved over time to meet the changing needs of the military.

The first bayonets were simple blades that were attached to the end of a musket, and they were used as a stabbing weapon in close combat. In the 18th and 19th centuries, bayonets became more specialized and were designed for use with specific types of firearms.

During World War I and World War II, bayonets were an important weapon for infantry soldiers, and they were used in hand-to-hand combat. In the post-World War II era, the role of the bayonet has changed, and it is now primarily used as a training weapon and for ceremonial purposes. However, some militaries still issue bayonets to their soldiers as a backup weapon.

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Bce

BCE following a number, is the abbreviation for Before the Common/Current/Christian Era and is the equivilent of "BC", so that 2013 BCE is the same as 2013 BC. The "BCE" designation has been adopted by writers wishing to be sensitive to non-Christians.

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Bears Signature ....

A cataloguing term where the item has a signature which in the opinion of the cataloguer are not the signature of the artist and have been added by another hand.

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Bebe Dolls

A Bebe doll is a type of fashion doll that was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Bebe dolls were designed to be as close to life-size as possible, and they were made with articulated joints so that they could be posed in a variety of positions. Bebe dolls were typically made with bisque or china heads and cloth bodies, and they were often dressed in fashionable clothing and accessories. The name "Bebe" is French for "baby," and these dolls were meant to be fashionable playthings for young girls. Bebe dolls were made by a number of different manufacturers, and they are now highly sought after by collectors.

There were many different manufacturers of Bebe dolls, and many of them were located in Europe. Some of the best known manufacturers include Jumeau, a French company that was known for its high-quality dolls. Jumeau dolls were made with bisque heads and had distinctive features such as elongated bodies, large eyes, and small noses. Bru was another French company, whose Bebe dolls that were known for their realistic facial features and expressive eyes. Other manufacturers include Gebrüder Heubach, Kestner and Simon & Halbig.

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Bed Warmers / Warming Pans

In the cold European winters, bed warmers were a welcome comfort. The pan itself was made of brass or copper, and filled with hot coals, had a long wooden handle so it could be pushed under the covers of the bed into the position of the feet. If the bed was dry, the pan had to be constantly moved so it would not scorch the sheets, but this was not always a problem as sometimes the bedding was damp. The pan assisted in drying out the bed clothes.

Some warming pans had patterns marked out in piercing to the lids, which also allowed the heat to escape.

Although metal and ceramic hot bottles haad been in use since the 16th century, it was the invention and subsequent widepread popularity of the rubber hot water bottle in 1903 that led to the demise of the bed warmer.

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Bellarmine

A Bellarmine is a type of stoneware jug that was produced in the German-speaking regions of Europe, particularly in the areas of Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The jugs are named after Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, who was a prominent Catholic theologian and cardinal during the Counter-Reformation. German bellarmines are distinctive for their bearded man's face, which was modelled on a portrait of Bellarmine, often depicted with a wide brimmed hat and the pottery is heavily potted and has a long neck, a broad belly, and a narrow base. The face is typically depicted with a long beard and a serious expression and is often decorated with a hat or other head covering. These jugs were primarily used for the storage and serving of wine, beer and other beverages. They are also highly collectible and considered as pieces of decorative art.

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Belle Epoque

The Belle Époque, also known as the "Beautiful Era," was a period in European history that lasted from the late 19th century to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The term is most commonly associated with France, but is also used to refer to the same period in other countries, particularly in Western Europe and Latin America.

During the Belle Époque, Europe experienced a time of great prosperity and cultural, artistic, and scientific advancements. It was an era of peace and optimism, characterized by industrial growth, urbanization, and new technologies such as electricity, automobiles, and the telephone. The period is also associated with a flourishing of art and culture, particularly in the fields of literature, music, and the visual arts.

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Ben Edols

Ben (Benjamin) Edols is an Australian glass artist who is known for his collaborative work with Kathy Elliott. They have been working together since 1993 and their work has been exhibited in Australia, Japan, the United States, Germany, England, and Italy.

Edols was born in Sydney, Australia in 1967. He studied glassblowing at the Sydney College of the Arts and the Canberra School of Art. After graduating, he traveled to the United States to work at Pilchuck Glass School and the Studio of the Corning Museum of Glass.

In 1993, Edols met Kathy Elliott at the Toyama Institute of Glass Art in Japan. They began collaborating shortly thereafter and have been working together ever since. Their work is characterized by its use of color, form, and light. They often use botanical forms and patterns found in nature as inspiration for their work.

Edols and Elliott have received numerous awards for their work, including the Australia Council for the Arts Visual Arts Fellowship (2001) and the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize (2009). Their work is in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Corning Museum of Glass.

In addition to their collaborative work, Edols and Elliott also work individually. Edols is known for his large-scale sculptures, while Elliott is known for her more intimate works. They both continue to push the boundaries of glass art and their work is highly respected by their peers.

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Benares Brass

Benares brass is a type of brassware that originates from the city of Varanasi, also known as Benares or Kashi, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The city has a long history of metalworking, dating back to at least the 12th century, and is known for producing a wide variety of brass items, including religious statues, household items, and decorative objects.

The brass used to make Benares brassware is typically of a high quality and is often made from a mixture of copper and zinc. The brass is first melted and poured into molds, after which it is shaped and engraved by hand using traditional techniques passed down through generations of craftsmen. The finished products are then polished to a high shine, giving them their distinctive golden colour.

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Bennetts Magill Pottery

Bennetts Magill Pottery is a ceramics company based in Adelaide, South Australia, that was founded in the late 1880s by Charles Bennett. In the early years, Bennetts Magill Pottery produced a range of domestic items such as teapots, jugs, and vases, using both local and imported clay. Their pieces were known for their simple, functional design and high quality.

During World War II, Bennetts Magill Pottery shifted its focus to producing utility wares for the armed forces. This included items such as mess tins, water bottles, and lamp bases, which were used by Australian troops in the Pacific theater.

After the war, Bennetts Magill Pottery returned to producing domestic wares, and began to experiment with new forms and glazes. They developed a range of innovative designs, including the popular "Bennett's Blue" range, which featured a distinctive blue and white glaze.

The company is still in operation and is currently in its fifth generation of family ownership,

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Berlin Woolwork

Berlin woolwork is a type of needlepoint embroidery that was popular in the 19th century, particularly in Germany. The technique involves using a needle and yarn to stitch designs onto a piece of canvas. The designs for Berlin woolwork were usually printed onto the canvas in the form of a graph, with different colours or shades indicated by different symbols. The stitcher would then use yarn of the appropriate colour to fill in each section of the graph.

The craft was most popular among women and was considered a respectable and refined pastime. The designs for Berlin woolwork were typically quite elaborate and included flowers, animals, and scenes from nature, as well as geometric patterns. Many of the designs were copied from popular paintings or engravings of the time.

Kits for Berlin woolwork which included the printed canvas and yarn, were widely available and could be purchased from shops or by mail order. Many women would work on their Berlin woolwork pieces in the evenings or during their leisure time, and the finished works were often displayed in the home.

The popularity of Berlin woolwork declined in the early 20th century, as new forms of needlework, such as cross-stitching, became popular. However, Berlin woolwork has seen a resurgence in recent years, as a growing number of people have become interested in traditional crafts and historical needlework techniques.

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Bernard Hesling

Born in Yorkshire, England in 1905, Bernard Hesling arrived in Australia in 1928. Originally a house painter and marbler, Hesling first started painting after meeting Leger, Vlaminck, Laurencin and other French painters in Paris. He modelled his work after Rousseau before moving on to abstracts and cartoons. He migrated to Sydney in 1928 and exhibited his abstract paintings the following year. Cartoons and writing by him appeared in the 'Sydney Morning Herald' as well as many overseas newspapers. Hesling painted numerous murals from 1950 to 1955 in NSW, Victoria, SA and North Queensland and pioneered the use of vitreous enamels in Australia. Hesling wrote art criticism for the Sydney 'Observer' and was an author of 5 books. Hesling was awarded an OAM in June 1985 for his service to the arts. <p>He died in June 1987, aged 82.

Examples of his work are held in the Art Gallery of WA, Hamilton Art Gallery, Mitchell Library in Sydney, National Gallery of Australia and State Gallery of SA.

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Bernard Moore

Bernard Moore (1850–1935) was an English pottery manufacturer and ceramic chemist known for the innovative production of art pottery, especially his flambé glazes and pottery with reduced lustre pigments.

Moore was born in 1850 in Normacot, Staffordshire. In 1865 he began working for his father Samuel whose business was renamed Samuel Moore & Son. On his father´s death two years later, he took over the running of the firm. He was later joined by his younger brother Samuel Vincent Moore. From 1873 to 1905 they traded as Moore Bros.

Moore's knowledge of ceramic chemistry was considerable and he was widely consulted by the ceramics industry on technical matters. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s it is likely that he was experimenting with and perfecting the specialist and difficult glazes with which his name is now principally associated. In 1902 he was elected president of the British Ceramic Society.

After forty years running his family's pottery business, he sold the business in 1905 and set up his own pottery studio in Stoke-on-Trent in 1905 where he made art pottery with the help of a few assistants. After closing the studio in 1915, he worked as a ceramic consultant.

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Bernard Villemot

Bernard Villemot was a French graphic artist known primarily for his iconic advertising images for Orangina, Bally Shoe, Perrier, and Air France. He was was born in Trouville-sur-Mer, France, in 1911. He began his studies at the Académie Julian in Paris, but later transferred to the Paul Colin school, where he was influenced by Colin's Art Deco style.

Villemot's first poster was commissioned by the General Commission for Education in 1933. In the post-war years, Villemot produced many posters for the Red Cross and the French Resistance. He also began to design commercial posters, and by the late 1940s, he was one of the most sought-after poster artists in France.

His most famous works include his posters for Orangina, Bally Shoe, Perrier, and Air France. His Orangina posters feature a stylized image of a woman holding a glass of the soft drink. The Bally Shoe posters feature elegant women wearing Bally shoes. The Perrier posters feature a playful image of a bottle of Perrier with water bubbles shooting out of it. And the Air France posters feature whimsical images of people traveling to exotic destinations.

Villemot's work has been praised for its sophistication, its elegance, and its ability to communicate a message quickly and effectively. He is considered to be one of the most important poster artists of the 20th century. In addition to his work as a poster artist, Villemot also designed book covers, magazine illustrations, and theater sets. He was also a professor at the École supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris.

Villemot died in 1989 at the age of 77. His work continues to be popular today, and his posters are keenly sought after by collectors.

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Bernhard Hammerman

Bernhard Hammerman (1913-1983) was a furrier, arts patron, and cultural figure in Sydney. He was born on April 6, 1913, in Berlin, Germany, Hammerman grew up in a Jewish family. He initially worked as an apprentice furrier before pursuing his passion for the arts and film-making.

In 1933, due to the rise of Nazi power and discrimination against Jews, Hammerman left Germany and settled in London. He later arrived in Sydney in 1937 and worked as a furrier for David Jones Ltd. before establishing his own fur business, Bernhard Hammerman Pty Ltd, in 1939. His company expanded to have nine retail outlets across Australia, and he became the president of the Fur Traders' Association of New South Wales.

Beyond his business pursuits, Hammerman was deeply involved in the cultural scene of Sydney. He engaged with artists, intellectuals, writers, and painters, participating in amateur theatre and contributing to the Australian Jewish community's magazine, The Bridge. Hammerman was also a co-founder of the All Nations Club, an organization aimed at bridging the gap between old and new Australians and fostering cultural connections.

Hammerman's commitment to the arts and his contributions to Sydney's cultural life were recognized when he was appointed as an inaugural governor of the John Power Foundation for Fine Arts in 1972. He received the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in 1982.

Bernhard Hammerman passed away on April 21, 1983, in The Hague, Netherlands, while attending the Frankfurt Fur Fair

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Berryman Furniture

Berryman Furniture was founded by Eric Berryman in Sydney, NSW. Eric Berryman was a skilled furniture maker who began his career as an apprentice in a furniture factory in the 1930s. After gaining experience and expertise, he established his own furniture manufacturing company.

Some of the key characteristics of Berryman Furniture's mid-century modern designs include clean lines, organic shapes, and the use of natural materials such as wood and leather. Many of their pieces were also designed to be functional and practical, while still being stylish and aesthetically pleasing.

•    Model 19 armchair: The Model 19 armchair is one of Berryman Furniture's most iconic designs, featuring a simple yet elegant shape with a curved back and tapered legs. The chair is often upholstered in leather or fabric and is known for its comfort and style.

•    Model 24 dining chair: The Model 24 dining chair is another popular Berryman Furniture design, with its classic mid-century modern shape and comfortable upholstered seat. The chair is often made with a solid wood frame and can be found in a variety of finishes and upholstery options.

•    Model 63 sofa: The Model 63 sofa is a stylish and comfortable mid-century modern design, featuring a low profile with clean lines and tapered legs. The sofa is often upholstered in leather or fabric and can be found in a range of sizes to suit different spaces.

•    Model 500 sideboard: The Model 500 sideboard is a functional and stylish storage solution, featuring a solid wood frame with sliding doors and adjustable shelves. The sideboard is often finished in teak or another natural wood and is known for its durability and versatility.

•    Model 502 coffee table: The Model 502 coffee table is a simple and elegant mid-century modern design, featuring a round or oval top with tapered legs. The table is often made with a solid wood frame and can be found in a range of finishes to suit different decor styles.

Berryman Furniture's mid-century modern designs are highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts of modernist furniture, and their pieces continue to be appreciated for their timeless elegance and quality craftsmanship.

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Bevan Funnell Ltd Reprodux Furniture

Bevan Funnell Ltd is a British furniture company founded in 1945 by Barry and Pamela Funnell. The company is known for its high-quality reproduction furniture, inspired by 18th and 19th century Georgian styles.

Barry Funnell was working as a buyer at a retail-furnishing store in Hove, England, and with his wife decided to start their own business making reproduction furniture. In October 1945, 'Bevan Funnell' was formed as a Limited Company. In 1946, Bevan Funnell began exporting furniture to Holland, followed by some low volume exports to Belgium and South Africa. In 1947, the firm moved to new premises on a factory estate in Newhaven. They started making their own range of oak and mahogany furniture, setting up a mill, machine shop, cabinet shop and polishing department.

Bevan Funnell quickly established itself as a leading manufacturer of high-quality reproduction furniture. The company's pieces are known for their elegant design, fine craftsmanship and attention to detail. They have been used in prestigious projects all over the world, including the Royal Yacht Britannia and the Houses of Parliament. In 1976, Bevan Funnell was awarded the Queen's Award for Export Achievement. The company was also awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade in 2011.

Bevan Funnell is still owned and managed by the Funnell family. The company continues to produce a wide range of high-quality reproduction furniture, as well as a collection of contemporary pieces. Bevan Funnell products are sold all over the world, and the company has a reputation for excellence.

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Bevel / Chamfer

In furniture making, a chamfered corner refers to a technique used to create a smooth, angled edge on the corner of a piece of furniture. This is typically done by cutting away a small portion of the corner at an angle, typically 45 degrees, creating a diagonal edge, rather than a sharp 90-degree angle. This technique can be used on various parts of a piece of furniture such as table legs, drawer fronts, or door frames. Chamfering can add visual interest to a piece and can help to soften the overall look of a piece of furniture. It is often used in conjunction with other techniques, such as rounding edges or using contrasting wood species to create a more elegant, sophisticated look. Chamfering is a simple way to add a touch of elegance to a piece of furniture and it is a common technique used by furniture makers.

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Bezel

On a clock or watch, the bezel is the metal frame into which the watch or clock glass is fitted. In clocks, the bezel may include a hinge and a flange, in effect a door to the face of the clock. In jewellery the bezel is a band of metal with a projecting lip that holds the gemstone in its setting.

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Biba

Biba, the iconic British fashion brand, was founded in 1964 by Barbara Hulanicki and her husband Stephen Fitz-Simon. The brand quickly became a symbol of the Swinging Sixties and continued to make a significant impact on British fashion throughout the 1970s.

Biba's popularity soared during the 1970s, and their jewellery line embraced the bohemian and eclectic style that was popular during the era. The jewellery designs were heavily influenced by historical and exotic themes, taking inspiration from Victorian, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Eastern cultures. Biba's 1970s jewellery often featured oversized pendants, chunky bracelets, large hoop earrings, and intricate metalwork. In the 1970s Biba's designers adapted the Art Deco elements of geometric shapes and clean lines and incorporated them into their jewellery, adding a touch of vintage charm to their pieces.

Biba's popularity soared during the 1970s, and the brand became synonymous with the bohemian and retro fashion trends of the decade. The flagship store, "Big Biba," located on High Street, Kensington, London became a cultural landmark and a must-visit destination for fashion-forward individuals. The store not only sold clothing but also featured a wide array of accessories, including the famous jewellery pieces that complemented Biba's overall style. However, like many fashion trends, the popularity of Biba began to wane towards the end of the 1970s and the original Biba store on High Street closed in 1975, marking the end of an era.

In more recent years, Biba has seen several revivals and collaborations, bringing its distinctive style back into the spotlight for a new generation of fashion enthusiasts. Vintage Biba clothing and jewellery from the 1970s are now sought-after collector's items, cherished for their historical significance and unique design aesthetics.

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Bibelot

A bibelot is a small decorative item or ornament, often of high quality and rarity, that is collected as a prized possession. The word comes from the French bibelot, which means "trinket" or "bauble." Bibelots can include items such as figurines, vases, jewellery, and other decorative objects. They are often used to decorate homes or displayed in a collection.

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Bibendum

The Michelin Man, also known as Bibendum, was created in 1898 by Marius Rossillon, a French artist who went by the nickname "O'Galop." The inspiration for Bibendum came from a pile of stacked tires that the Michelin brothers, André and Édouard, had displayed at the 1894 Lyon Exhibition. Rossillon was struck by the resemblance of the tires to a human figure, and he created a drawing of a man made of tires with a cheerful expression and a goblet in his hand.

The name "Bibendum" was taken from the Latin phrase "Nunc est bibendum," which means "Now is the time to drink." This phrase was a reference to the goblet that Bibendum was holding in his hand, which was filled with nails and broken glass. The implication was that Michelin tires were so tough that they could even withstand being pierced by nails or broken glass.

Bibendum's appearance has evolved over the years. In his early days, he was depicted as a more rotund and comical figure. He was also often seen drinking alcohol or smoking cigars, which was seen as a way to appeal to the wealthy upper-class motorists of the time. However in the 1920s, Bibendum's image was cleaned up and he became more family-friendly. He also began to appear in more active poses, such as running and playing sports.

Bibendum is still one of the most recognizable mascots in the world. He is used extensively in Michelin's advertising campaigns, and he also appears on a variety of merchandise, such as toys, clothing, and home goods. Bibendum is a symbol of Michelin's commitment to quality and safety, and he continues to be a popular figure with people of all ages.

In addition to his advertising work, Bibendum has also appeared in a number of films and television shows. He was featured in the 1969 film "The Italian Job," and he also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film "Austin Powers in Goldmember." Bibendum is a cultural icon, and he is sure to continue to be a popular figure for many years to come.

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Bible Box

As indicated by the name a bible box is a box to store and transport a bible and important family documents. They were used in Britain from the late 16th century and the 17th century and were typically made from oak. Many varieties had a slanted or angled top with a lower lip, meant to hold the Bible for reading when the box was placed on a table, thus serving as a portable lectern. Other boxes were mounted on a stand. Over the years the typical Bible box was also used to contain writing implements such as a quill, ink pot, blotting paper and writing paper. The level or slanted surface of the box then served as a desktop for writing as well as reading.

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Bidri Ware

Bidri ware is a type of metalware that was traditionally made in the town of Bidar, located in the state of Karnatakain, India from the 14th century, but is now made throughout Northern India. It is made by combining a alloy of zinc and copper with a core of blackened alloy. The metal is then worked into intricate designs using a variety of techniques, including engraving, inlay, and repoussé. The designs often feature a combination of geometric patterns and figurative elements, and the metal is often inlaid with small pieces of silver or gold. Bidri ware is considered to be a form of folk art, and it is known for its rich black colour and intricate designs.

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Bilston Enamel

Bilston enamel factories were located in the town of Bilston, which is now part of the city of Wolverhampton in Staffordshire, England. The factories produced enamelware, which is metalware (usually made of iron or copper) that is coated with enamel, a type of glass-like material. The Bilston enamel factories were known for their high-quality products and were in operation from the 18th century until the early 20th century. They made a variety of items, including boxes, trinket dishes, and other decorative items. The enamel ware was produced in a wide range of different colours and tones, including bright blues, greens, yellows, and reds. Some of their enamels were decorated with oriental or chinoiserie scenes, landscapes, portraits and plaques featuring small landscapes or hunting scenes. They were also known for the use of polychrome which was the use of many colours to create a detailed and pleasing image. The enamelware produced at Bilston was exported around the world and was highly prized for its intricate designs and bright colours.

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Bing & Grondahl

Bing & Grondahl was a Danish porcelain manufacturer, founded in 1853 by the merchants Fredrick Isidor Bing and Ernst Heerfordt Grondahl. They initially started as an import business dealing with English ceramics, but soon decided to set up their own production in Copenhagen.

The company was known for producing high-quality porcelain figurines, plates, and other decorative items. They were particularly known for their figurines, which featured a wide range of different designs, including depictions of animals, children, and people from different cultures. In 1882, The Royal Danish Porcelain Factory was incorporated into Bing & Grondahl, which made it the leading porcelain manufacturer in Denmark and Bing & Grondahl was granted the title of "purveyor to the Royal Danish Court."

During the 20th century, Bing & Grondahl continued to produce high-quality porcelain, and became one of the most respected porcelain manufacturers in the world. They released many series such as : Christmas Plates (since 1895), the Jubilee Plates (since 1908), the porcelain plates with sea motifs and so on.

In 1987 Royal Copenhagen, another Danish porcelain manufacturer, merged with Bing & Grondahl and now operates as Royal Copenhagen A/S. Bing & Grondahl and now operates as Royal Copenhagen A/S. Bing & Grondahl porcelain is still highly sought after by collectors, and the company's pieces are considered to be some of the finest examples of Danish porcelain.

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Bird's Eye Maple

Bird's eye maple is a type of wood that is characterized by its unique, small, round eyes or spots that are scattered throughout the wood. These spots are caused by a genetic defect in the tree, and they give the wood a distinctive, swirling pattern that is highly sought after by woodworkers and furniture makers.

Bird's eye maple is harvested from the hard maple tree, which is native to Northern Europe and North America. The wood is generally pale in colour, with shades of cream, white, or light brown. The bird's eye figure is most seen in hard maple, but it can also be found in other species of maple such as the big leaf maple and silver maple, but hard maple is the most common.

It became fashionable in furniture manufacturing for use as a decorative veneer from the late 18th century to the late 19th century.

As well as furniture making, it is also used in musical instruments such as guitar, drums, and pianos and smaller decorative items such as various type of boxes such as tea caddies and in picture frames.

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Biscuit Porcelain

Biscuit porcelain refers to unglazed, white porcelain that has been fired at a high temperature to harden the material and make it suitable for painting or glazing. The term "biscuit" comes from the French word for "unbaked," referring to the fact that the porcelain has not yet been glazed. The porcelain's firing process is done at very high temperatures and requires good quality of kaolin which is one of the material used to make porcelain.

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Biscuit Tins

Biscuit tins have a long history that dates back to the early 19th century, when they were first used by companies such as Huntley & Palmer to preserve and transport biscuits, or cookies, which were a popular food item at the time. Biscuit tins were typically made of tinplate, which is a type of steel that has been coated with tin to make it more resistant to corrosion.

The invention of the tin canning process in the early 1810s allowed for the mass production of tinplate and made it possible to create affordable, airtight tins for preserving food. This made it practical for Biscuit makers to package their products in tins for distribution and sale.

Biscuit tins were a popular form of packaging and advertising in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as they were relatively inexpensive to produce and could be made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The development of off-set lithography in 1877 enabled biscuit companies to market their products with colourful printed designs and logos.

The use of tinplate for packaging fell out of favour later in the 20th century as other packaging materials became more prevalent, but many old biscuit tins have been preserved and continue to be collected as a form of vintage advertising memorabilia.

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Bisque Porcelain

Bisque porcelain, also known as bisque or unglazed porcelain, is a type of porcelain that has been fired once but not glazed. The firing process hardens the porcelain and gives it its characteristic white colour, but the surface is still porous and absorbs liquids. Bisque porcelain can be left unglazed, or it can be painted with pigments or glazes and fired again to create a finished piece.

Bisque porcelain dolls and figurines are a well-known application of the bisque porcelain. They were first introduced in the early 19th century, and quickly became popular for their detailed, realistic features and lifelike expressions. These dolls are characterized by their hollow, unglazed body and smooth surface, bisque dolls are highly collectible.

Bisque porcelain is also often used in the production of decorative items, such as vases, bowls, and figurines, and can also be used to make functional objects, like figurines and small vessels. The porous nature of the material also makes bisque porcelain suitable for use in planters, as it allows for proper drainage and airflow.

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Bitossi Italy

Bitossi Ceramiche is an Italian ceramics company founded by Guido Bitossi in Montelupo Fiorentino, Tuscany in 1921. Guido Bitossi had previously worked for the ceramics company of his family, Manifattura Ceramica Cav. V. Bitossi, which was founded in 1871 in Florence. In 1921, Guido Bitossi decided to start his own ceramics business, which he named "Fratelli Bitossi" (Bitossi Brothers) together with his three sons. The company initially produced decorative household items such as vases, jars and bowls.

In the 1950s, Bitossi began to experiment with new techniques and designs, and they became one of the leading companies in the Italian ceramics industry. The company collaborated with some of the most important artists and designers of the period, including Ettore Sottsass, Aldo Londi, and Piero Fornasetti, to create innovative and iconic ceramic pieces. Bitossi was particularly known for its use of bold, bright colors, and its glazes were characterized by their depth and intensity.

In the 1960s, Bitossi began to produce more functional ceramic pieces such as tableware, lamps and tiles, which were designed for everyday use. The company continued to innovate and experiment with new designs and techniques, and it became known for its ability to combine tradition and innovation in its products.

Bitossi Ceramiche is still a family-run business, and it continues to produce high-quality ceramics for both the domestic and international markets.

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Bjorn Weckstrom

Bjorn Weckstrom was born on February 8, 1935 in Helsinki, Finland is known as a sculptor and jewellery designer. He is considered one of the most important Finnish jewellery designers of the 20th century. He studied at the Helsinki Goldsmith's School from 1952 to 1956, and after graduation, worked as a freelance designer and sculptor. In 1960, he co-founded the jewellery company Lapponia, where he designed a wide range of jewellery, including necklaces, rings, earrings, and bracelets.

Weckstrom's jewellery is known for its distinctive, organic shapes and its use of natural materials such as gold, silver, and gemstones. His designs are often inspired by the natural world, such as the shapes of plants and animals. He also experimented with new materials, such as acrylic and plastic. His jewellery has been exhibited in galleries and museums around the world. He has also won numerous awards for his work, including the Finnish State Prize for Design in 1965.

In addition to jewellery, Weckstrom has also designed sculptures, glassware, and textiles. He is a member of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts and the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. He is still active as a designer and sculptor and lives and works in Espoo, Finland.

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Bjorn Wiinblad

Bjorn Wiinblad was a Danish ceramic artist and designer who gained international acclaim for his unique style and artistic creations. He was born on September 20, 1918, in Copenhagen, Denmark, and passed away on June 8, 2006.

Wiinblad attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, where he studied under several prominent artists. After completing his education, he began working as a freelance artist, and in 1945, he was hired as a designer by Nymolle, a Danish ceramics manufacturer. During his tenure at Nymolle, Wiinblad created several innovative designs that showcased his creativity and artistic prowess.

In the 1950s, Wiinblad's designs gained widespread popularity in Denmark and soon became popular in other parts of the world. He created designs for a range of products, including ceramics, glass, textiles, and even wallpaper. His style was characterized by whimsical, playful designs that incorporated bright colors and intricate patterns. He often incorporated elements from different cultures, such as Chinese and Persian art, into his designs, creating a unique fusion of styles.

In 1957, Wiinblad opened his own studio in Copenhagen, where he continued to produce his iconic designs. He gained further recognition in the 1960s when he created designs for the Rosenthal porcelain company in Germany. His work for Rosenthal included a series of figurines, vases, and plates, which were highly sought after by collectors.

Wiinblad's work was exhibited in several museums and galleries around the world, including the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the Danish Museum of Art and Design in Copenhagen. He received numerous awards for his contributions to design, including the Lunning Prize in 1958 and the 8th International Ceramics Prize in Faenza, Italy, in 1963.

Wiinblad continued to work throughout his life, creating new designs and experimenting with different materials and techniques. His legacy as an artist and designer continues to inspire new generations of designers and ceramic artists. Today, his works are highly collectible, and many of his designs are still in production by companies such as Rosenthal and Nymolle.

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Black Forest Furniture and Objects

Carved Black Forest furniture and objects refer to a style of furniture and decorative arts that originated in the Black Forest region of Germany during the 19th century. The Black Forest is a mountainous region located in the southwestern part of Germany, known for its dense forests and traditional crafts.

Carved Black Forest furniture and objects are characterized by their intricate carved designs, which often feature images of animals, birds, and other natural motifs. The style was popularized by local artisans who used native woods such as dark-brown colored, dense, and close-grained wood of the European larch tree, to create furniture and decorative objects that were both functional and beautiful.

Of particular interest are Black Forest clocks, their intricate carved designs, which often feature images of animals, birds, and other natural motifs. The clocks often feature a cuckoo bird that emerges from a door on the clock face to announce the hour.

The popularity of the style was driven by the growing interest in nature and the rustic life in the late 19th century, and it quickly became a sought-after style for furniture, clocks, and other decorative items. The most common items produced were cuckoo clocks, with wooden cases decorated with carved animals, leaves, and other naturalistic elements.

The style reached its peak of popularity in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, but it began to decline in the 1930s as tastes changed and new materials and styles became more popular. Nevertheless, the tradition of carving and crafting in the Black Forest region continues today and many artisans still create furniture and decorative objects in the traditional Black Forest style.

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Black Marble Clocks

Black marble clocks were a mass produced clock with case of black marble, faced with black marble. In cheaper versions black slate was used instead of marble. They were popular during the 19th centuries. The clock cases were often highly decorative and ornate, with intricate carvings, gilded accents, and other embellishments.

Black marble clocks were typically large free-standing pieces that were designed to be placed on a mantelpiece or a side table. Many of these clocks had a pendulum and a visible escapement mechanism. Some of the more ornate clocks also featured decorative elements.

In the 20th century, the popularity of black marble antique clocks began to decline as technological advances resulted inmore affordable and mass-produced timepieces that became the norm in households. Despite this, many antique black marble clocks have survived and are highly sought-after by collectors and enthusiasts of antique timepieces.

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Blackamoor Figures

A blackamoor is a type of figurine or statue that depicts a person of African descent, typically in a subservient or exoticized manner. The term "blackamoor" is derived from the word "moors," which was used to refer to people from North Africa and the Middle East during the Middle Ages.

In the 19th century, blackamoors became a popular subject in European art and decorative arts, especially in Italy. They were typically sculpted in ornate, exoticized styles, and were often depicted as servants or attendants, such as footmen or page boys. They were also commonly used as figurines in chandeliers, wall sconces and other types of lighting fixtures,

The figures were often depicted with dark skin, thick lips, and other stereotypical African features.

Blackamoor figures in the 19th century were very popular, these figures were considered to be decorative and luxury items that were often found in the homes of wealthy Europeans and were also exported to other countries. They were also used in other decorative arts such as jewellery, small sculptures and other decorative objects,

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Blackwood

One of the best known and most widely used Australian timbers, blackwood (acacia melanoxylon), is a member of the Acacia (wattle) family and grows in eastern Australia from about Adelaide in South Australia, as far north as Cairns in Queensland.

The largest, straightest and tallest trees come from the wet forest and swamps of north-west Tasmania where it is grown commercially.

Blackwood timber colours range across a wide spectrum, from a very pale honey colour through to a dark chocolate with streaks of red tinge.

The hardwood timber has been commonly used in the production of furniture, flooring, and musical instruments in Australia from the late 19th century. However, the straight grain timber is not the most prized or valuable, that honour falls to blackwood with a wavy, fiddleback pattern, which is used both in the solid and as a veneer. Fiddleback was only used on the finest examples of furniture.

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Blancpain Wristwatches

Blancpain is the oldest surviving watchmaking brand in the world, founded in 1735 by Jehan-Jacques Blancpain in Villeret, Switzerland. The company has a long and rich history of innovation, and is responsible for many world firsts in the watchmaking industry. In 1815, Frederic-Louis Blancpain, the great-grandson of Jehan-Jacques, modernized production methods and transformed the traditional craft workshop into an industrial undertaking capable of serial production. By replacing the crown-wheel mechanism with a cylinder escapement, Frederic-Louis introduced a major innovation into the watchmaking world.

In 1830, Frederic-Emile Blancpain, the son of Frederic-Louis, renamed the company Fabrique d'horlogerie Emile Blancpain and launched the construction of what would become the largest watch manufacturer in Villeret. The company also began to export its watches to other countries, including the United States and Great Britain.

In 1926, Blancpain created the world's first automatic winding wristwatch, the Calibre 11. This was a major breakthrough in the watchmaking industry, and helped to popularize the wristwatch as a fashion accessory. In 1953, Blancpain introduced the Fifty Fathoms diving watch, which is considered to be one of the most iconic dive watches ever made. The Fifty Fathoms was designed for underwater exploration, and featured a number of innovative features, including a rotating bezel and a water-resistant case.

In 1982, Blancpain was acquired by the Swatch Group, a Swiss watchmaking conglomerate. Under the ownership of Swatch, Blancpain has continued to innovate and produce some of the finest watches in the world. Blancpain remains a leading manufacturer of luxury watches, worn by celebrities and dignitaries around the world, and a symbol of luxury and status.

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Blenko Glass Company

Blenko Glass Company is a family-owned glass factory specializing in hand-blown sheet glass, architectural glass, and tableware. It is located in Milton, West Virginia, and has been in operation since 1893. The company was founded by William J. Blenko, who was born in London, England, in 1853. Blenko began working in a glass factory at a young age, and eventually became an expert in the production of stained glass. In 1893, he emigrated to the United States and established the first American factory to produce sheet glass for stained glass windows.

Blenko's business was successful for a time, but he was forced to close his factory in 1903 due to an economic downturn. He tried to start two more glass businesses in the following years, but both failed. In 1921, Blenko made one last attempt at starting a glass business. He moved to Milton, West Virginia, and opened a new factory to produce stained glass windows. However, the demand for stained glass was declining due to the increasing popularity of electric lighting.

In order to keep his business afloat, Blenko began to produce decorative objects and tableware from hand-blown glass. His pieces were quickly recognized for their high quality and innovative designs. By the 1950s and 1960s, Blenko glass was highly sought-after by collectors and designers alike. The company’s glass is known for its vibrant colors, unique shapes, and meticulous craftsmanship. Each piece is hand-blown by skilled glassblowers using traditional methods. The company's designs are constantly evolving, but they always retain a sense of classic elegance. In addition to its traditional product line, Blenko Glass Company also produces a variety of contemporary glass art pieces.

Blenko glass has been featured in major museum exhibitions and is included in public and private collections around the world. It is also used in many prestigious settings, such as the White House and the Smithsonian Institution. Blenko Glass Company is one of the last remaining family-owned glass factories in the United States.

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Bleu De Cie

"Bleu de ciel" is a French term meaning "sky blue" in English. In porcelain decoration, "bleu de ciel" is a shade of light blue color that was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in French and English porcelain. It was commonly used for painting landscapes, floral patterns, and other decorative motifs on porcelain. The color was achieved by using cobalt oxide mixed with other pigments and then fired at high temperatures in a kiln. The popularity of "bleu de ciel" declined in the 20th century, but it remains a classic color in porcelain decoration.

Blindstamp

A blindstamp, also known as a blind impression or blind embossing, is an indentation or raised design on paper or other materials made without using any ink or foil. It is created by pressing a die, stamp, or engraved plate onto the surface of the material, leaving a mark or relief that is visible when viewed from a certain angle. Blindstamping is often used in printing and bookbinding as a decorative element or to add texture to a surface, and can be combined with other printing techniques such as letterpress or foil stamping for a more elaborate effect.

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Blue John

Blue John is a purple to violet blue banded hardstone, found only in Castleton area, a village in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, UK.

The stone is said to have been mined since the Roman times, more likely mining commenced in the mid 1700s. Blue John reached its peak of fashion during the Regency period in the early 1800s, and examples are displayed at Buckingham Palace and Chatsworth House.

Derbyshire Blue John is made into decorative items such as bowls, urns and vases and used in jewellery manufacture, within the town of Castelton, but similar items are available stone from stone mined in China..

In 2015 the BBC reported a new vein of the stone had been discovered in the Castelton area, the first in 150 years.

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Blunderbuss

A blunderbuss is a type of firearm that was popular in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It is a short-barreled, large-bore musket that was primarily used for personal defense and as a weapon for boarding parties on ships.

The name "blunderbuss" is derived from the Dutch word "donderbus," which means "thunder gun." The weapon is characterized by its wide, flared muzzle, which allows for the firing of a variety of shot sizes, including balls, shot, or even nails and other debris. This made the blunderbuss an effective weapon at close range, where it could be used to defend against multiple attackers.

The blunderbuss typically used a flintlock ignition system and was loaded by pouring a measured amount of powder down the barrel, followed by the shot or ball, and then a wadding to hold everything in place. Blunderbusses were commonly used by military, naval forces, and civilians as self-defense weapons, as well as by coachmen and stagecoach guards to fend off highwaymen.

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Bob Pendulum

A bob pendulum consists of a brass or steel rod with a disc shaped metal weight at the end. The most common use of a bob pendulum is in a grandfather clock where it oscillates to keep the time. The length of the rod and the weight of the bob are the key parameters for determining the period of oscillation, and the timekeeping of the clock can be accelerated or slowed by altering the height of the bob.

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Boch Freres Keramis

Boch Frères Keramis was a Belgian ceramics manufacturer founded in 1841 by Eugène and Victor Boch and their brother-in-law, Jean-Baptiste Nothomb, in La Louvière, Belgium. The company's name, “Keramis,” was derived from keramos, the ancient Greek word for pottery.

Boch Frères Keramis quickly became one of the leading ceramics manufacturers in Belgium, and its products were exported all over the world. The company's early success was due in part to its use of innovative techniques, such as the use of colored glazes and the application of relief decoration.

In the early 1900s, Boch Frères Keramis hired a number of talented artists and designers, including Charles Catteau, who helped to shape the company's artistic direction. Catteau's designs were influenced by a variety of sources, including Art Nouveau, Cubism, and Art Deco. His work helped to make Boch Frères Keramis one of the most respected ceramics manufacturers in the world.

Boch Frères Keramis continued to produce high-quality ceramics throughout the 20th century. The company's products were popular with both collectors and consumers, and they were exhibited in major museums around the world.

In the 1980s, Boch Frères Keramis was acquired by the French ceramics company, Villeroy & Boch. The company continued to produce ceramics under the Boch Frères Keramis name until 2015, when it was discontinued.

Despite its closure, Boch Frères Keramis is still remembered as one of the most important ceramics manufacturers in Belgium. The company's products are still admired by collectors and design enthusiasts today.

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Bohemia

Bohemia is a region in the present-day Czech Republic, and has a long history of glassmaking and jewellery making. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bohemia was a major centre for the manufacture of these products.

Glassmaking in Bohemia dates back to the 13th century. In the 19th century, Bohemian glassmakers developed new techniques for making coloured glass, including millefiori, which is a type of glass that is made with tiny pieces of coloured glass embedded in it. Bohemian glass was also known for its intricate patterns and designs. In the 20th century, Bohemian glassmakers continued to innovate, and they developed new techniques for making opalescent glass, which is a type of glass that has a milky or iridescent appearance.

Jewellery making in Bohemia also dates back to the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, Bohemian jewellery makers were known for their use of precious metals, such as gold and silver, and their intricate designs. Bohemian jewellery was also known for its use of semi-precious stones, such as garnets, amethysts, and topazes. In the 20th century, Bohemian jewellery makers continued to use traditional techniques, but they also began to experiment with new materials and designs.

Bohemia's glassmaking and jewellery making industries were important contributors to the economy of the region. They also helped to make Bohemia a center of artistic and cultural activity. Bohemian glass and jewellery were exported all over the world, and they were prized for their quality and craftsmanship.

Some of the most important Bohemian glass and jewellery makers from the 19th and 20th centuries include Moser Glassworks. Jablonec Glassworks, Preciosa, Georg Kramer and Franz Josef Urban.

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Bohemia Cristal

The history of Bohemian crystal dates back to the 14th century. At that time, glass makers in the region discovered that by using potash instead of soda ash, they could create a clear, colorless glass that was more stable than glass made elsewhere. This new type of glass was soon in high demand, and Bohemian glass makers began to produce a wide variety of items, including tableware, decorative objects, and scientific instruments.

In the 16th century, the term "Bohemian crystal" was first used to distinguish this high-quality glass from other types of glass. At this time, Bohemian crystal makers also began to experiment with new techniques, such as engraving and cutting. These techniques allowed them to create intricate designs and patterns on their glassware, which further increased its popularity.

In the 18th century, Bohemian crystal making reached its peak. At this time, the region was home to dozens of glass works, and Bohemian crystal was exported all over the world. It was used by royalty and the wealthy, and it was even featured in some of the most famous paintings of the era.

The 19th century saw a decline in the popularity of Bohemian crystal. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution, which led to the development of new types of glass that were cheaper and easier to produce. However, Bohemian crystal making never completely disappeared, and it has experienced a resurgence in popularity in recent years.

Bohemian crystal is still made in the Czech Republic using traditional methods. Some of the most famous brands of Bohemian crystal include Moser, Preciosa, Crystalex and Bohemia Cristal.

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Bokhara Rugs

Bokhara rugs are a type of traditional handmade rug that originate from the city of Bokhara, located in Uzbekistan. They are known for their distinctive geometric patterns and bold colours. Bokhara rugs are typically made from high-quality wool and are known for their durability and longevity.

The design of Bokhara rugs is characterized by their use of repeating geometric patterns, such as the "gul" (flower), which is a hexagonal pattern that is often repeated throughout the rug. The main colours used in Bokhara rugs are typically red, navy blue and beige. The design are always symmetric traditional and consistent.

Bokhara rugs have been highly sought after by collectors and rug enthusiasts for many years, and are often considered to be among the most valuable types of traditional handmade rugs. They were also very popular in European and American interiors for many decades.

Bokhara rugs are also now made in other countries including Pakistan and India, where they are known as 'Bokhara design' or 'Bokhara style' rugs. The original Uzbek Bokhara rugs are rarer and have more value than those made in other countries.

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Bonacina

Bonacina, Italian mid-century furniture designers and makers, was founded in 1889 by Giovanni Bonacina founded in the village of Lurago d'Erba in Brianza, Italy. Brianza has long been the heartland of Italian furniture and design, and Giovanni was one of the first in the region to start making rattan furniture.

Giovanni was inspired by the rattan furniture he had seen in Milan, and he quickly developed a reputation for high-quality craftsmanship and innovative designs. His early work was largely traditional in style, but he soon began to experiment with more modern designs. In the 1930s, he began collaborating with some of the leading Italian designers of the day, including Gio Ponti, Renzo Mongiardino, and Ico Parisi.

Bonacina's mid-century furniture is known for its elegant curves, simple lines, and use of natural materials. Some of the company's most iconic designs from this period include the Nastro chair by Joe Colombo, the Dondolo armchair by Gio Ponti, and the Giardino sofa by Renzo Mongiardino.

Bonacina's furniture was popular with both Italian and international clientele, and it was featured in many prestigious homes and businesses, including the White House, the Agnelli family estate, and the Rothschilds' palazzo.

Bonacina remains a family-owned business, and is run by the fourth generation of family. The company continues to produce high-quality rattan furniture, and it remains one of the leading Italian furniture brands in the world.

In 2023, Bonacina opened the Museo Galleria Giardino, a museum dedicated to the company's history and design legacy. The museum features a permanent collection of Bonacina furniture from all eras, as well as temporary exhibitions on Italian design and culture.

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Bonbon Dish

A bonbon dish is a type of serving dish that is specifically designed to hold small, bite-sized candy or chocolates, which in the 19th century were also known as bonbons. They were often used for special occasions, like parties, weddings and holidays. They are also a common serving piece for after-dinner desserts, such as chocolates.

These dishes are often decorative and can be made from a variety of materials such as silver, glass, crystal, metal, or porcelain. Bonbon dishes come in many different shapes and sizes, but most are relatively small, and have a shallow bowl or dish shape.

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Bonbonniere

A bonbonnière (also spelled bonbonniere, or spelled as "bonbonnieres" in plural) is a small decorative box or container, which have traditionally been used since the 16th century in Europe, particularly in France and Italy, as a way to store and present small candy or chocolates, also known as bonbons. The word "bonbonnière" comes from the French word "bonbon," meaning "sweet."

They were made from a variety of materials, including porcelain, glass, and precious metals such as gold and silver.

During the 18th century, bonbonnières became increasingly popular and ornate, and were often decorated with intricate designs and embellishments. They were also seen as a symbol of wealth and status and given as gifts to mark special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, or other important events.

In the 19th century, the art of creating bonbonnières reached its peak. The French Empire and Louis XVI styles were the most popular ones, with intricate designs and details made from ormolu, gold, silver and precious stones.

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Boomaroo Toys

Boomaroo toys were a popular brand of toys in Australia during the 1940s to 1960s. They were produced by Boomaroo Toys Pty. Ltd., which was based in Sydney, NSW. The company was founded in 1933 and operated as Boomaroo Products Pty Ltd in Sydney from 1954 to the 1970s. By the mid-1960s they had become associated with Artlay Manufacturing Company Pty Ltd.

The name Boomaroo was derived from a combination of the words 'boomerang' and 'kangaroo' and the company’s trademark depicted a kangaroo above a boomerang, with the words 'Made in Australia' below.

Boomaroo toys were made from a variety of materials, including wood, metal, and plastic. Their most popular products included wooden construction sets, tinplate vehicles, and plastic dolls. There were many Boomaroo toys produced over the years, but some of the best known include:

•    Boomaroo Kanga: This wooden toy kangaroo was one of the most popular Boomaroo toys. It featured a spring mechanism that made the kangaroo hop when pulled along by a string.

•    Boomaroo Construction Sets: These were wooden building sets that allowed children to create their own structures and machines.

•    Boomaroo Tinplate Vehicles: Boomaroo produced a range of tinplate vehicles, including cars, trucks, and buses. These toys were popular with children and collectors alike.

•    Boomaroo Plastic Dolls: Boomaroo also produced a range of plastic dolls, including baby dolls and fashion dolls.

•    Boomaroo Model Kits: Boomaroo produced a range of plastic model kits that allowed children to build their own planes, boats, and other vehicles.

•    Boomaroo Board Games: Boomaroo produced a range of board games, including Snakes and Ladders and Ludo.

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Booths Ltd.

Thomas Booth founded Booths in the 1850s in Tunstall, England, to produce earthenware sanitary and dinnerware. The company quickly gained recognition for its high-quality and innovative designs. Booths embraced the popular art nouveau and art deco styles of the early 20th century, incorporating intricate patterns, bold colors, and unique shapes into its products. This approach resonated with customers, and Booths' reputation grew, leading to increased demand for its wares.

In 1906, following the death of William Booth, the company was acquired by the Pillsbury family. Under their ownership, Booths Ltd. continued to thrive and expand its operations. The Pillsbury family invested in modernizing the manufacturing processes and introduced new techniques, including improved kilns and molds.

Booths made its name by producing high-quality earthenware, which they called Silicon China. Silicon China was a thin earthenware that could compete with fine porcelain. During the early 1900s, Booths produced many reproductions of classical blue wares using Silicon China, including traditional oriental patterns. Booths also produced fine bone china.

Booths Ltd. received several prestigious Royal Warrants throughout its history, earning recognition and patronage from members of the British royal family. These warrants signified the company's commitment to excellence and further elevated its reputation.

After the purchase of the business by the Pillsbury family, the ownership of the Booths name passed through various companies, including the Pearson Group, Ridgway, and Royal Doulton. The Booths name continued to be used until the mid-1980s.

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Borge Mogensen

Børge Mogensen was a renowned Danish furniture designer, born in 1914 in Aalborg, Denmark. He became a cabinetmaker in 1934 and later studied furniture design at the Danish School of Arts and Crafts in Copenhagen. He also trained as an architect at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts' School of Architecture, graduating in 1942. Mogensen worked at various design studios in Copenhagen before founding his own furniture design studio in 1959.

Along with other designers such as Arne Jacobsen and Hans Wegner, Mogensen played a significant role in making Danish Modern furniture known globally. His designs were simple, functional, and highly sought after for over 50 years. His work has been featured in one-man exhibitions in several cities, including London, New York City, Paris, and Copenhagen, and he received numerous awards for design, including the Eckersberg Medaillen in 1950 and the C.F. Hansen medal in 1972.

One of Mogensen's notable projects was the Boligens Byggeskabe, which he created with Grethe Meyer in 1954. It introduced the concept of incorporating shelving and storage units as part of a room's design. Between 1955 and 1967, he designed the "Øresund" shelving series, which aimed to solve every storage need that could arise in modern homes.

Mogensen designed furniture for various settings, including a seaside cottage, a husband's study, and a traditional oak table and chair set. He also collaborated with weaver Lis Ahlmann on textile designs and succeeded Kaare Klint as the designer to the Danish Museum of Decorative Art.

Mogensen's furniture designs were greatly appreciated by the public and highly representative of his training as a traditional craftsman. Critics lauded his 1949 chair, which used a curved, slightly sloping backrest in an organic dewdrop shape, as a model for future chairs. His 1951 interior for the Cabinetmaker's show combined Danish oak with leather upholstery and slate tiling in a way that created a new grouping of materials.

He died in 1972.

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Bosley Ware

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Boucheron

Boucheron is a French luxury jewellery and watchmaker founded in 1858 by Frédéric Boucheron. The Maison is known for its unique style, which combines the art of jewellery making with a sense of innovation.

Frédéric Boucheron was born in 1830 in Jussy, France. He was apprenticed to a jeweller in Paris before opening his own shop in 1858, and it soon became known for its high-quality jewellery and watches.

In 1893, Boucheron moved his shop to Place Vendôme, which is still the home of the Maison today. He was the first of the great contemporary jewellers to open a boutique on Place Vendôme, and this move helped to solidify Boucheron's reputation as a leader in the luxury jewellery industry. Boucheron was a pioneer in the use of new materials and techniques in jewellery making. He was the first jeweller to engrave diamonds with flowers or arabesques, and he also introduced a patented system of interchangeable watch bracelets.

The Maison has a long history of creating iconic jewellery designs. Some of the most famous Boucheron pieces include the Serpent Bohème collection, the Quatre collection, and the Quatre Black collection.

Boucheron has also been a pioneer in the field of luxury perfumes. The Maison's first fragrance, "Boucheron," was launched in 1988. Over 22 men's and women's fragrances have been released since then.

In 2000 Boucheron was acquired by Gucci Group, which in 2004 was acquired by by PPR, now known as now Kering whose other brands include Balenciaga, Bottega Veneta, Alexander McQueen and Yves Saint Laurent.

Boucheron is one of the most prestigious international luxury jewellery and watchmakers and has a network of over 34 boutiques worldwide.

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Boudoir Doll

A boudoir doll, also known as a "bed doll," is a

type of small decorative figurine that was popular in the late 19th and early

20th centuries. These dolls were typically made of porcelain or bisque, and

were designed to be displayed on a bed, dresser, or other piece of furniture in

a bedroom or boudoir.

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Bough Pot

A bough pot is a vessel for holding stems of flowers and branches to decorate an interior, especially a fireplace during summer. They are typically ceramic, often semicircular with a flat back and have a body to hold water. The top has a number of small openings to hold the stems. Often the top lifts off.

The term "bough pot" was common in use in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the European summer when the fireplace was not in use the fireplace was decorated with floral arrangements. These arrangements consisted of vessels and pots, The term "bough pot" was a colloquial term and came to mean the pots that were used for decorating the fireplace.

The tulipiere and flower brick are types of bough pots that allow larger numbers of flowers.

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Bouillotte Lamp

The bouillotte lamp is a type of table lamp that was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. The name "bouillotte" comes from the French word for "boiler," and refers to the fact that the lamp was originally designed to hold a hot water container, or "bouillotte," underneath the shade to provide warmth during cold winter evenings.

The bouillotte lamp was invented by French nobleman Charles-François de la Croix, Marquis de la Touche, in the late 18th century. He created the lamp to provide light and heat to his card playing guests at the same time. The lamp was designed to hold a container of hot coals, usually from a fireplace, which would radiate heat to the surrounding area.

The original design of the bouillotte lamp featured a simple, functional style, with a round shade, a central column, and a simple base. Over time, however, the design of the lamp evolved to become more ornate, with decorative elements such as intricate metalwork, tassels, and fringe added to the shade and base.

Bouillotte style lamps have been popular since the 18th century because of their timeless design. They were manufactured in France, England, and America usually of brass or gilt bronze, and were used in the home, libraries, studies and drawing rooms.

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Bouillotte Table

The Bouillotte table originated in France in the 18th century and was named after a card game similar to poker called Bouillotte. The table was designed specifically for playing this card game, with its distinctive features such as a metal gallery encircling the top, adjustable candle holders, a felt or leather top for playing cards, and sometimes small compartments for storing gaming accessories. Bouillotte tables became popular among the French aristocracy and spread to other parts of Europe and eventually to America.

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Boulle

Boulle (pronounced "bool") refers to a type of decorative furniture that was popular in France during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "boulle" is derived from the French cabinetmaker André-Charles Boulle, who perfected the technique and popularized the style in the late 17th century.

Boulle furniture is characterized by its intricate inlay work, which typically features designs made from brass or copper on a black lacquer background. The inlay designs can be quite elaborate and often depict intricate floral or architectural motifs. The technique involves inlaying thin sheets of metal, such as brass, into a wooden substrate such as ebony. Boulle furniture can range from desks, tables, cabinets, commodes and many other types of furniture.

The Boulle technique was used primarily for luxury items and was commissioned by the French Royalty, nobles, and wealthy individuals. Boulle furniture is highly prized for its skillful craftsmanship and intricate designs, and it is still highly sought after today by collectors and enthusiasts of antique furniture.

Boulle work, is not only limited to furniture, it can be found on boxes, mirrors, and clocks, and it also influenced the decorative arts in general. The style had a certain level of prestige and luxury attached to it, and it was considered a symbol of wealth and taste during the time.

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Boulle

Boulle work is the name given to tortoiseshell and metal inlay using brass and sometimes silver, found on furniture and smaller wooden objects. It originated in Italy but was developed by Frenchman Andre Charles Boulle (1642 - 1732) under Louis XIV.

Boulle was appointed Royal Cainet Maker to Louis XIV and designed furniture and clockcases for the monarch.

In preparation, the tortoiseshell and metal were cut together following a design, using a fine fret saw.

In the application of the Boulle, the carcase of piece of furniture was covered with the tortoiseshell which in turn was inlaid with the matched designs in metal, which in turn was elaborately engraved.

The use of Boulle work furniture continued mainly in France until the 19th century.

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Bow Porcelain

Bow porcelain refers to a type of fine porcelain that was produced by the Bow porcelain factory, which was located in Bow, England, in the 18th century. The factory was established in 1744 by a group of entrepreneurs, led by William Duesbury, who had previously worked at the Chelsea porcelain factory.

Bow porcelain is known for its high quality and intricate designs. The factory produced a wide range of porcelain products, including tableware, figurines, and decorative pieces. The factory was known for its hard paste porcelain, which was made from a mixture of kaolin, feldspar, and ball clay. This mixture was used to produce a fine, white, and translucent porcelain, which was highly sought after by the affluent and upper class of the time.

The factory's early production was heavily influenced by the Chinoiserie style, which was popular in Europe during the 18th century. This style featured intricate designs and motifs, inspired by Chinese and Asian art, which were often hand-painted onto the porcelain. The factory also produced porcelain in the rococo style, which was characterized by its ornate and asymmetrical designs.

Bow porcelain was highly prized for its quality and intricate designs, and it was exported all over the world, particularly to the colonies in America and Asia.

The Bow porcelain factory closed in 1776 due to financial issues and despite its short existence, the factory played an important role in the history of English ceramics.

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Bowenite

Bowenite is a semi-precious stone, usually light or dark green, but also found in colors ranging from light yellow, canary yellow, brown, blue and gray. One of the largest deposits is in the South Island of New Zealand, where it was used for tools, weapons and jewellery by the Maori, and known as greenstone and tangiwai. Other deposits are in South Africa and China.

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Boxwood

Boxwood is a hard, yellow coloured, close grained timber. In the 19th century it was often used for inlays, especially stringing, because of its contrasting colour to the darker timbers of the carcase. Stringing is the inlay of a narrow strip of veneer of a lighter colour, such as boxwood along or close to the edges of an object that has been veneered in a darker timber such as mahogany.

Because of its fine grain and resistnce to splitting or chipping it has also been used for treen, turnings, carvings and other small wooden items, such as chess pieces.

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Bradley & Hubbard Novelty Clocks

Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company was a prominent American manufacturer of decorative metalware, including lamps, vases, and clocks. The company was founded in Meriden, Connecticut, in 1852 by Walter Hubbard and Nathaniel Bradley.

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Bradley & Hubbard produced a wide range of novelty clocks that were popular with consumers. These clocks featured unique and often elaborate designs, including figural clocks with animal or human figures, and clocks in the shape of books, globes, and other objects.

One of Bradley & Hubbard's most popular novelty clocks was the "Big Ben" clock, which was modelled after the famous clock tower in London. The clock featured a brass case with a dome-shaped top and was often used as a mantel or desk clock.

Another popular Bradley & Hubbard clock was the "Pompeian" clock, which was designed to resemble a classical Roman or Greek temple. The clock featured a bronze case with a round dial and was often used as a decorative piece in homes and public spaces.

Figural Bradley & Hubbard clocks included "John Bull", "Sambo" and "The Admiral" some of which featured blinking eyes.

Bradley & Hubbard's novelty clocks were known for their high-quality materials and craftsmanship, and many were made with ornate details and intricate designs. The company's clocks were often exhibited at international expositions, including the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis.

Bradley & Hubbard continued to produce decorative metalware, including clocks, until the early 20th century, when it faced increasing competition from cheaper imported goods. The company closed its doors in 1940, but its clocks and other metalware remain highly valued by collectors and enthusiasts today.

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Bramah Locks

Joseph Bramah & Sons was a prominent British company known for its innovative and high-quality locks during the Georgian and Victorian eras. The company was founded by Joseph Bramah in 1784 in London. Joseph Bramah was an inventor and engineer who held numerous patents throughout his lifetime, including several related to lock and security mechanisms.

In 1784, he patented the "Bramah Lock," which was a significant advancement in lock technology. This lock used a cylindrical key with multiple internal configurations, making it extremely difficult to pick or tamper with. The Bramah Lock became famous for its security features and was even endorsed by the government. Bramah's locks were used by many important institutions, including the Bank of England, the Tower of London, and Buckingham Palace.

While Joseph Bramah initially gained recognition for his improvements in door locks and safes, his company later expanded into the production of furniture locks. These locks were used to secure drawers, cabinets, and other pieces of furniture during the Georgian and Victorian eras. Just as with their door locks, Bramah's furniture locks were celebrated for their security features. They were designed to be pick-resistant and tamper-proof, making them highly sought after for protecting valuable possessions in homes and businesses.

Bramah locks earned royal patronage, further solidifying the company's reputation for excellence. Joseph Bramah's innovative locking mechanisms and his company's dedication to security made them trusted suppliers to the British monarchy.

Joseph Bramah died in 1814, but his company continued to operate under the leadership of his son, John. By 1871, Bramah & Sons was in the ownership of J.T Needs & Co of 128 Piccadilly, London. In 1901, J.T Needs was bought out by the Whitfield Safe & Lock Company. Three years later the name was officially changed back to Bramah & Co, which still continues as a locksmith company to this day.

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Bramin Møbler

Bramin Møbler was a Danish furniture manufacturer founded in Bramming, Denmark, in the mid-1950s. The company was originally known as N.A. Jørgensen Møbelfabrik, but rebranded as Bramin Møbler in the late 1950s to reflect its focus on modern design.

Bramin Møbler quickly became one of the leading manufacturers of mid-century modern furniture in Denmark. The company collaborated with many renowned Danish designers, including Johannes Andersen, Hans Olsen, Kurt Østervig, and Frank Reenskaug. However, Bramin's most successful partnership was undoubtedly with H. W. Klein, a Norwegian-born designer who moved to Denmark in 1960 to work for the company.

H. W. Klein designed a wide range of furniture for Bramin, including his iconic Ønskestolen (Wish Chair), a padded leather lounge chair on a five-star swivel base. Klein also designed a number of living room suites, dining suites, and storage options for Bramin.

Bramin Møbler furniture was known for its high quality, innovative designs, and use of natural materials such as oak, teak, and rosewood. The company's furniture was exported all over the world, and it remains highly sought-after by collectors and enthusiasts of mid-century modern design today.

Bramin Møbler ceased operations in the early 1980s.

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Brannam Pottery

Brannam Barum was a pottery company based in Barnstaple, North Devon, England. It was founded by William Brannam in 1894 and operated until the 1950s. The company was known for producing high-quality earthenware and stoneware pottery, including vases, jugs, and other decorative items.

The pottery was known for its distinctive glaze, which was often blue or green in colour and had a glossy finish. The company also produced pottery with a range of other glaze colours, including brown, black, and red. Many pieces of Brannam Barum pottery were decorated with hand-painted designs, including floral patterns, landscapes, and abstract patterns.

In addition to its decorative pottery, Brannam Barum also produced a range of practical items such as teapots, mugs, and bowls. The company's pottery was popular in the United Kingdom and was also exported to other countries. Some of Brannam Barum's most famous pieces include its "Sunburst" vases and jugs, which were decorated with a pattern of radiating lines and were produced in the 1930s.

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Bread Basket

Bread baskets were commonly used from the 17th to the 19th centuries in Europe and America as a serving piece at formal meals. In the early 17th century, bread baskets were made of wood, pewter and later silver as it was an expensive and prestigious material and demonstrated off the host’s wealth and status.

These bread baskets were usually oval or circular in shape, and were typically decorated with intricate engravings, embossing, and other decorative details. Some were plain and simple, while others were quite ornate, featuring raised scrollwork, beading, or other decorative motifs. Those made in the early 17th century tend to have two handles but surviving examples are rare. From the mid 1770s they usually have a central swing handle. The handles were typically ornate and often curved or scrolled. The shape and size of these baskets varies; some are large, meant to hold multiple loaves, others are more compact and meant for one loaf. By the 18th century, most bread baskets were made of silver.

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Breguet

Breguet is a Swiss luxury watch and clock manufacturer, founded by Abraham-Louis Breguet in Paris in 1775.

Abraham-Louis Breguet was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, in 1747. He studied watchmaking for ten years under Ferdinand Berthoud and Jean-Antoine Lépine before setting up his own watchmaking business in Paris in 1775. Breguet quickly became one of the most respected watchmakers in Europe, and his watches were worn by royalty, celebrities, and other members of the elite.

Breguet was a prolific inventor, and he patented numerous watchmaking innovations during his lifetime. Some of his most notable inventions include:

•    The tourbillon (1801): A rotating cage that helps to counteract the effects of gravity on the accuracy of a watch.

•    The pare-chute (1790): A shock protection system for watches.

•    The Breguet overcoil (1795): A type of hairspring that is more resistant to changes in temperature and humidity.

•    The Breguet hands (1783): A distinctive style of hands that are still used in Breguet watches today.

Breguet also produced a wide variety of other watches, including pocket watches, wristwatches, and carriage clocks. His watches were known for their exquisite craftsmanship and their high level of accuracy.

Breguet died in Paris in 1823.

The Breguet company continued to operate after his death, and is one of the oldest surviving watchmaking brands. Its headquarters are in L'Abbaye, Switzerland. Since 1999, Breguet has been a subsidiary of the Swiss Swatch Group.

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Brian Gartside

Brian Gartside, born in 1940, is a distinguished studio potter and educator from New Zealand. Currently residing and working in Pukekohe, a town located in the Auckland Region of the North Island, Gartside has made significant contributions to the field of pottery. Originally hailing from Chorley, Lancashire, England, he made the decision to immigrate to New Zealand in 1970 to pursue a teaching position in art at Ardmore and North Shore teachers colleges in Auckland.

By 1974, Gartside had established his own studio and workshop, showcasing his exceptional skills and creativity. As his reputation grew, he became recognized for his vibrant and intensely colored surfaces in his work. This distinctive feature set his pottery apart and attracted attention both locally and internationally.

Gartside's dedication to his craft and artistic pursuits was unwavering. By 1980, his passion and talent allowed him to transition from teaching to becoming a full-time artist. This shift enabled him to focus entirely on his artistic endeavors, dedicating his time to creating exceptional pottery pieces that captured the essence of his unique style.

In addition to his work in New Zealand, Gartside also conducted workshops in Australia during the mid-1990s. These workshops provided an opportunity for him to share his expertise and knowledge with aspiring potters while further expanding his artistic horizons.

Brian Gartside's legacy as a New Zealand potter is characterized by his mastery of color and his ability to create pieces that resonate with viewers. His work continues to inspire and captivate audiences, leaving a lasting impact on the pottery community both at home and abroad.

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Brian Hirst

Brian Hirst was born in Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, in 1956. He received a Diploma of Arts from Monash University, Gippsland Campus and also attended Sydney College of Arts and was Senior Lecturer at the Canberra School of Art. He has received international acclaim over the years, including winning the prestigious "World Glass Now 94" prize from the Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art.

He has shown at the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth; the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, the Queensland Art Gallery and overseas in Japan, Germany and the Czech Republic;; National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo; and

The artist's work can be found in the collections of the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth; Australian National Gallery, Canberra; The Australian National University, Canberra; National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne; Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences, Sydney; and in public collections in the United States, Denmark; Germany, China, Japan and France.

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Briar Gardner

Maria Louisa "Briar" Gardner was a New Zealand potter and speech therapist born in Hobsonville, Auckland in July 1879. Her family had a connection to the pottery industry, and with her guidance, her brothers established the Crown Lynn pottery.

Gardner showed interest in creative arts and studied embroidery, tapestry, and painting in Australia, exhibiting her decorative needlework in Auckland in 1920. She later attended Elam School of Fine Arts, where she learned sculpture and M?ori design. Gardner became interested in pottery when English potter William Speer started working at New Lynn, and her skill and recognition developed in the 1930s.

She regularly exhibited her pottery through the Auckland Society of Arts and exhibited alongside four other women artists at the Waikato Society of Arts in 1937. In the same year, she established a kiln and pottery studio at her family home, and during the war years, her work was sold throughout New Zealand, with some exports to Australia. Gardner was praised for her use of soft colorings, flowing glazes, and Maori and indigenous plant motifs in the mid-1930s.

She had to cease making pottery in 1950 due to arthritis and trained as a speech and drama teacher in 1951. Gardner passed away in Auckland in 1968, and her work is now held in the collections of the Auckland War Memorial Museum and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

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Bright Cut Decoration

Bright cut decoration is a technique used to decorate silver and other metal objects, such as jewellery and flatware, with intricate and detailed patterns. The technique involves using a small, sharp tool called a graver to carve designs into the surface of the metal. These designs are then polished, creating a bright, reflective surface that contrasts with the surrounding metal. The designs can be simple or complex, and can include geometric shapes, scrolling vines, and other decorative elements. The technique is highly skilled and requires a lot of precision, patience and attention to detail.

Bright cut decoration was widely used in the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in the silverware and jewellery industries. It was popular in the United States, Great Britain and Europe.

Today, bright cut decoration is still used by some craftsmen and artists, but it is considered a traditional technique and is not as widely used as it was in the past. However, the bright cut decoration on a silver object is still considered a sign of quality and craftsmanship and is highly prized by collectors of antique silver and other metal objects.

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Brise Fan

A brise fan consists of flat ribs that become wider from the rivet to the top, and are held in place by a ribbon threaded through slots at the broad end. They do not have a folding leaf. The earliest brise fans came from China and Japan, and were exported to Europe in large quantities from the 17th century onwards. European-made brise fans, an imitation of the delicate Chinese wooden and ivory fans, were composed of thinly-sliced sticks of bone, horn, tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl, or ivory that were often elaborately carved, gilded, and painted.

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Bristol Glass

Bristol glass is a type of glassware that was produced in Bristol, England in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is known for its high quality, intricate designs, and vibrant colours. Bristol glass is typically made from a type of glass called 'lead glass', which is composed mainly of silica, lime, lead oxide, and other ingredients. This type of glass has a high refractive index, which gives it a bright, sparkling appearance and makes it particularly suitable for intricate engraving and cutting.

Bristol blue glass is a deep, rich shade of blue, which was achieved by adding cobalt oxide to the glass mixture. Bristol green glass is a pale or medium green colour, which was achieved by adding iron oxide or copper oxide to the glass mixture.

The glass was produced by several different manufacturers in Bristol, and the glassware was often exported to other countries, particularly to the American colonies. Bristol glassware was popular for its intricate designs, which often incorporated delicate floral patterns, scrolling vines, and other decorative elements. Some Bristol glassware also featured enamelled or painted decorations.

Bristol glass production declined in the 19th century due to the increased competition from other glass-making centers, like Bohemia and the rising popularity of glassware made from cheaper materials like pressed glass. Today, Bristol glass is considered an important part of the history of glassmaking and is highly valued by collectors of antique glass.

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Britannia Metal / Epbm

Britannia metal items, often marked as "EPBM", are composed of a pewter type alloy of tin animony and copper, First produced in 1769, Britannia metal can be temporarily polished to a silver-like lustre. When electroplate was introduced in the mid 19th century, the Britannia newly manufactured Britannia metal items were oftern silver plated, but the plating wears off relatively quickly leaving an unappealing grey surface.

Britannia metal should not to be confused with Britannia standard silver, which is a higher grade of silver than sterling silver, containing at least 958 parts per thousand of pure silver,

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Broadsword

A broadsword is a type of medieval European sword with a wide blade and a cruciform hilt with a grip for two-handed use. These swords were typically used by infantry in battle and were designed for cutting and hacking as well as thrusting. They were popular during the late medieval and early modern period and were used by both cavalry and infantry soldiers. The term "broadsword" is also used to refer to any sword with a wide blade, regardless of the specific time period or culture in which it was used.

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Brocade Fabric

Brocade fabric is a decorative fabric that features raised designs, often made of silk or other fine materials. The designs are typically created using a jacquard loom, which allows for intricate patterns to be woven into the fabric. Brocade fabrics are often used for formal wear and home decor, such as curtains and upholstery.

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Brocatelle Marble

Brocatelle marble is a type of marble that features a decorative pattern or design on its surface. It is similar to brocade marble, but it is more detailed and ornate. The term "brocatelle" is derived from the Italian word "broccato" which means "embossed" or "raised", referring to the raised design on the surface of the marble. These designs can be geometric patterns, floral motifs, or other intricate designs. Brocatelle marble is used for flooring, countertops, and other architectural features. It is also used in high-end decorative projects such as sculptures, fireplace surrounds, and other luxury goods.

Broderie Anglaise

Broderie anglaise was popular in the 19th century and has been used to decorate clothing and home textiles since then. Broderie anglaise, also known as English embroidery, is a decorative needlework technique that involves creating cutwork designs on fabric using a combination of embroidery and lace-making techniques. The designs typically feature small, intricate holes cut into the fabric and then embellished with embroidery stitches.

This type of embroidery is usually made on lightweight fabrics such as cotton, linen or batiste, and is characterized by its delicate and lacy appearance. Broderie anglaise is often used to embellish clothing, linens, and other household items such as tablecloths, napkins, and doilies. The designs can be geometric, floral or figurative and it's mostly used for decorative items such as clothing, home decor and accessories.

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Bronwynne Cornish

Bronwynne Cornish was born in Wellington, New Zealand in

1945. She originally studied to be an industrial designer, but later discovered

her true passion lay with earthenware. In 1968, she became an apprentice to

leading New Zealand potter Helen Mason. She has since become one of New

Zealand's best known ceramic artists.

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Bronze

An alloy of copper and tin, traditionally in the proportions of about 9 parts of copper to 1 part of tin.

The discovery of bronze in Western Asia in the 4th century enabled people to create metal objects which were superior to those previoulsy possible because of its strength and hardness, and it has been used throughout the world for weapons, coins, tools, statuary and other decorative items.

It is very fluid in a molten state, and its hardness, strength when set, and non-corrosive properties makes it most suitable for casting sculpture.

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Brouer Møbelfabrik

Brouer Møbelfabrik was a small furniture company founded in Åbyhøj, Denmark, in 1956 by Erik Brouer. Erik was a skilled cabinetmaker who had worked for several other Danish furniture companies before starting his own. The company earned a reputation for producing high-quality, well-designed furniture. The company specialized in storage furniture, such as cabinets, dressers, and credenzas. Brouer furniture was known for its clean lines, simple forms, and use of high-quality materials, such as rosewood and teak.

Brouer Møbelfabrik was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s, during the heyday of Danish mid-century modern design. The company's furniture was exported all over the world, and it was particularly popular in the United States. In the 1980s and 1990s, Brouer Møbelfabrik began to face increasing competition from other Danish furniture companies, as well as from foreign companies and closed its doors in the early 2000s. Despite its short lifespan, Brouer Møbelfabrik made a significant contribution to Danish mid-century modern design.

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Bru Jeune Et Cie Dolls

Bru Jeune et Cie was a French doll-making company that was founded in 1866 by Leon Casimir Bru, and was sold 1883 to Henri Chevot. The ownership changed several more times in the late 1800s before being again sold, this time to the French dollmaker S.F.B.J. The company was known for producing high-quality dolls with realistic features and expressive faces. The company's dolls were made of porcelain and had glass eyes and real hair wigs.

Bru Jeune et Cie was one of the most successful and reputable doll-making companies of the 19th century. The dolls produced by the company were highly sought after by collectors and were considered to be some of the finest examples of doll-making artistry of the period.

Bru Jeune et Cie dolls were made in a variety of sizes, from tiny bisque dolls to larger dolls that were over a foot tall. They produced dolls in different styles, such as the character dolls, child dolls and lady dolls. The company was also known for making automata dolls which were very popular during the Victorian era, these dolls had moving parts and were able to perform different actions such as walking, writing, playing musical instruments and more.

Bru Jeune et Cie continued to produce dolls throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but eventually went out of business in the 1950s.

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Bruce Bairnsfather

Bruce Bairnsfather (1888-1959) was a British artist and potter who is best known for his cartoons of the First World War. His most famous character is "Old Bill," a weary but resilient British soldier who embodies the spirit of the ordinary man on the front lines. Bairnsfather was born in India in 1888. He studied art at the Slade School of Fine Art in London and then worked as a commercial artist. In 1914, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers and sent to France to fight in the First World War.

Bairnsfather began drawing cartoons for the British humour magazine The Bystander while he was serving in the trenches. His cartoons were immediately popular with the troops, who appreciated his ability to capture the humour and absurdity of war. One of Bairnsfather's most famous cartoons is "If you find a better 'ole, go to it!" This cartoon depicts Old Bill sitting in a shell hole, surrounded by the chaos of war. He is smoking a pipe and looking resigned to his fate. The cartoon is a classic example of Bairnsfather's ability to find humour in the midst of adversity.

Bairnsfather's cartoons were published in newspapers and magazines all over the world. He also wrote and illustrated a number of books, including Fragments from France (1916) and Old Bill's Leave (1917). After the war, Bairnsfather continued to draw cartoons and write books. He also turned his attention to pottery. He opened a pottery studio in Sussex, England, and produced a range of pottery with his cartoons on them. In addition to his work as a cartoonist and potter, Bairnsfather was also a talented painter and illustrator. He exhibited his paintings and illustrations in galleries and museums all over the world.

Bairnsfather died in 1959 at the age of 71. He is remembered as one of the most popular and influential cartoonists of the First World War.

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Bruce Talbert

Bruce Talbert (1838-1881) was a British furniture designer and maker who was active during the Victorian era. He was born in Dundee, Scotland, and trained as an architect before turning to furniture design.

He established his furniture making business in Berners Street, London in the late 1860s in the fashionable West End of the city. Talbert's workshop quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality furniture, and he received many commissions from wealthy clients.

Talbert is best known for his innovative designs, which combined traditional Gothic and Renaissance motifs with contemporary materials and construction techniques. He was particularly noted for his use of carved wood, which he employed to create intricate and highly decorative pieces.

After Talbert's death in 1881, his business was taken over by his son, Walter Talbert. Walter continued to produce furniture in the same style as his father, and the business remained in operation until the early 20th century. However, it eventually closed down due to changing tastes and economic conditions.

Talbert's work was highly influential in the development of the Aesthetic Movement, which sought to incorporate beauty and craftsmanship into everyday objects. His designs were widely admired and were produced by a number of leading furniture makers, including Gillows and William Watt.

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Bruno Mathsson

Bruno Mathsson (1907 – 1988) was a Swedish furniture designer and architect. He is considered one of the most important figures in Scandinavian design, and his work is known for its simplicity, comfort, and functionalism.

Mathsson was born in Värnamo, Sweden, in 1907. His father was a cabinetmaker, and Mathsson initially trained as a cabinetmaker in his father's workshop. He studied at the Gothenburg School of Arts and design and the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm.

In the 1930s, Mathsson began experimenting with bentwood furniture and developed a technique using steam to shape and mold wood. This technique allowed him to create organic and flowing forms that were not only visually appealing but also ergonomically designed for comfort.. His early work was influenced by the International Style, but he soon developed his own unique style that emphasized comfort and simplicity. He is best known for his cantilevered chairs, which are designed to allow the sitter to relax and recline.

One of Mathsson's most iconic designs is the "Eva" chair, which he introduced in 1934. The chair featured a bentwood frame and a fabric or leather seat, and it became renowned for its minimalist yet elegant aesthetic. The "Eva" chair epitomized Mathsson's design philosophy of combining form, function, and comfort.

Mathsson also designed a number of houses, many of which were made of wood and glass. His houses were designed to be comfortable and functional, and they often had large window n addition to furniture design, Mathsson also worked as an architect, creating buildings that showcased his design principles and integrated his furniture designs. His architectural projects were known for their harmonious integration of form and function.s that allowed for plenty of natural light.

Mathsson's work has been exhibited all over the world, and he has received numerous awards for his design work. He is considered one of the most important figures in Scandinavian design.

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Bruno Zac

Bruno Zac (1906-1985) was an Italian-Australian sculptor who is best known for his works in bronze and stone. He was born in Venice and trained as a sculptor in Italy before emigrating to Australia in the 1930s.

Settling in Tasmania, where he established a studio, Zac began producing sculptures that reflected his interest in the human form and the natural world. He was particularly interested in capturing movement and energy in his works, and his sculptures often featured fluid, organic forms that seemed to be in motion.

His early works were influenced by Italian Renaissance art, and he was particularly inspired by the works of Michelangelo and Donatello. However, he soon developed his own unique style, which combined classical and modernist influences to create sculptures that were both timeless and contemporary.

Zac's sculptures were characterized by their attention to detail and their emphasis on the human figure. He was particularly interested in the female form, and many of his works depicted women in various states of movement and repose. He also produced a number of sculptures of animals, including horses, birds, and fish.

His sculptures were highly regarded during his lifetime, and he won several awards for his work, including the prestigious Wynne Prize in 1952. His works can be found in collections and public spaces throughout Australia, including the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the Hobart Cenotaph.

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Brussels / Belgian Lace

Belgium has a rich history of lace-making dating back to the 16th century, and Brussels became an important centre for lace production in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lace was made using fine threads such as linen or silk and was often decorated with intricate designs that incorporated flowers, leaves, and other motifs. The lace was made by hand, and it took many hours to complete a single piece.

The lace is made using a technique called bobbin lace, in which threads are wound onto bobbins and then woven together to create the lace. The lace is made using a pillow or cushion, on which the bobbins are held in place while the lace is being made.

Brussels lace was highly sought after and was used to decorate clothing, linens, and other household items. It was also used to make intricate and delicate decorations for churches and other public buildings.

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Bucherer Watches

Bucherer is a Swiss luxury watch and jewelry retailer founded in 1888 by Carl Friedrich Bucherer in Lucerne, Switzerland. Initially, the focus was on selling and repairing timepieces. However, Carl-Friedrich's commitment to quality craftsmanship and exceptional customer service quickly earned him a reputation for excellence.

Under the leadership of Carl-Friedrich's sons, Ernst and Carl Eduard Bucherer, the company expanded its operations and established itself as a prominent retailer of luxury watches in Switzerland. Bucherer became known for its wide selection of timepieces from renowned Swiss watchmakers.

In 1924, Bucherer became a major retail partner of Rolex, a partnership that has lasted for over 90 years. Bucherer is also a retailer of other luxury watch brands, including Patek Philippe, Audemars Piguet, and Vacheron Constantin.

Their collection of watches under the brand name " Bucherer Watches", was revamped in 2001 and renamed "Carl F. Bucherer". They also developed their own movements and achieved recognition for their technical expertise.

Bucherer has a network of over 100 stores in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. The company's flagship store is located in Zurich, Switzerland.

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Buckles

Buckles

Buckles have been used for thousands of years as a way to fasten clothing and shoes, and as a decorative element. In ancient Egypt, buckles were made of metal and were used to fasten sandals. In ancient Rome, buckles were used to fasten belts and sandals, and were often made of bronze or iron.

During the Middle Ages, buckles were used to fasten shoes and belts, and were also used to decorate clothing and in the 14th and 15th centuries, buckles became increasingly popular as a fashion accessory and were used to fasten a wide variety of clothing, including hats, shoes, and belts.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, buckles became even more popular, and were used to fasten a wide variety of clothing, including shoes, belts, and clothing. They were often made of silver or gold and were highly decorative. Buckles were also used in the military, to fasten armour and weapons.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, buckles continued to be used in clothing, shoes, and belts, and were also used to decorate a wide range of other items such as purses, bags, and even furniture. They were often made of metal but were also made of other materials such as bone, wood, and horn.

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Budgie Toys

Budgie Toys was a British die-cast toy company founded in 1959 by Morris & Stone Ltd., a company that had been in the toy business since the early 1900s. The company's first models were produced under the brand name Morestone, but they were rebranded as Budgie Toys in 1959.

The name "Budgie" was chosen because the budgerigar was a popular pet in the UK at the time, and the company hoped that the name would appeal to children. Budgie Toys produced a wide range of die-cast vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles. They also produced some non-vehicle models, such as aircraft and farm animals.

Budgie Toys models were known for their high quality and realistic detail. They were also relatively affordable, which made them popular with collectors and children alike. The company's models were sold in the UK and other European countries, and they were also exported to the United States.

Budgie Toys went out of business in 1966. In the 1980s, a company named Modern Products began producing some of the original Budgie Toys models under the name "Budgie Classics."

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Bulgari

Bulgari is an Italian luxury brand that was founded in Rome in 1884 by Sotirios Voulgaris, a Greek silversmith. The brand initially started as a small jewellery shop, but it soon became popular among the wealthy and aristocratic class in Italy.

In the early 20th century, Bulgari expanded its product range beyond jewellery and began producing watches, perfumes, accessories, and leather goods. The brand's unique style, which combines traditional Italian craftsmanship with modern design, quickly gained recognition worldwide.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Bulgari became a favourite among Hollywood celebrities, such as Elizabeth Taylor and Audrey Hepburn, who helped to popularize the brand internationally.

In the 1970s, Bulgari continued to expand its product line with the launch of its first fragrance, "Eau Parfumée au Thé Vert," which is still a popular scent today. The brand also introduced its first line of men's watches during this time.

In the 1980s, Bulgari continued to expand its business globally, opening stores in major cities such as Paris, New York, and Tokyo. The brand also launched its first line of high-end handbags, which quickly became popular among fashion enthusiasts.

In recent years, Bulgari has continued to innovate and expand its product line, introducing new fragrances, accessories, and luxury goods. The brand is also known for its collaborations with prominent artists, designers, and celebrities, including Alexander Wang, Zaha Hadid, and Naomi Campbell.

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Bulle Electric Clocks

Bulle electric clocks were developed in France just prior to World War I.

Two Frenchmen, working initially independently came together to create the Bulle clock. They were Professor Marcel Andre-Moulin and Maurice Favre-Bulle. At the end of the war Favre-Bulle joined with Marius Lavet to form La Societe Bulle et Cie, a company to develop prototype electric clocks. In 1920 a patent was taken out by Favre-Bulle for an electric clock. The patentees were Favre Bulle and Madame Veuve Andre-Moulin, the widow of Marcel Andre-Moulin.

In 1920 Compagnee Generale des Appareils Horo-Electrique was established to commence the commercial production of the Bulle clock. During the period 1920 to 1952 production is estimated to have been some 300,000 clocks. All used the system as outlined in the original patent and over 100 different case designs were utilised.

In the following years, the technology remained basically unchanged although new materials such as aluminium, Bakelite and chrome were introduced as they became commercially available. From 1934 production was commenced in Britain utilising the same technology but with differences in the style of the clocks compared to the French product.

Favre-Bulle died in 1954, aged 84 and production ceased as scientific advances made Bulle technology redundant.

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Bunda

Bunda is a high-end jewellery retailer located in Sydney, Australia, that has been in business since the 1980s. The company is known for its exquisite jewellery designs, using high-quality materials such as diamonds, gold, and platinum.

The business was founded in 1983 by the husband and wife team, Robert and Nelly Cera, who had a passion for creating unique and beautiful jewellery pieces. The company quickly gained a reputation for its high-quality craftsmanship and attention to detail, and became a favourite of the Australian elite and international clientele.

Bunda's jewellery collections include a wide range of styles, from classic and timeless designs to contemporary and avant-garde pieces. The company is particularly known for its engagement rings, wedding bands, and bespoke jewellery services, allowing clients to create one-of-a-kind pieces that reflect their personal style and preferences.

Over the years, Bunda has won numerous awards for its designs and craftsmanship, and has been featured in various fashion magazines and publications. The company continues to be a leader in the Australian luxury jewellery market, offering clients exceptional service and quality products that are sure to become cherished family heirlooms.

The business is now in its second generation of ownership, following Ben Bunda joining the family company in 1990.

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Burago / Bburago

Bburago is an Italian brand and former manufacturing company of toys and die-cast scale model cars. The company was founded as "Martoys" by the Besana brothers, Ugo, Martino, and Mario, who sold their first well-known brand Mebetoys to Mattel. After only two years, the Besanas renamed the brand "Bburago" (with two 'B's at the beginning of the name). It is said that the change came because of possible confusion with the classic toy maker Marx Toys. It was based in Burago di Molgora, where all products were made from 1974 to 2005. At its most popular, Bburago's main competitors were Politoys and Maisto, the latter of which was to become dominant in the 1:18 market segment around 2000.

Bburago quickly became one of the leading manufacturers of die-cast model cars, because of its high quality and realistic detail. In the 1980s, Bburago expanded its product line to include a wider variety of vehicles, including trucks, buses, and motorcycles. The company also began producing models in larger scales, such as 1:18 and 1:43. Bburago's models were also featured in a number of popular movies and television shows, such as "The Dukes of Hazzard" and "Back to the Future."

Bburago's popularity began to decline in the 1990s, as other manufacturers, such as Maisto, began to produce more realistic and affordable models. In 2006, Bburago was acquired by the May Cheong Group, a Hong Kong-based toy manufacturer. The company's production was moved to China, and the quality of its models began to decline. In 2007, Bburago was acquired by the Spin Master Corporation, a Canadian toy company. Spin Master has since invested in improving the quality of Bburago's models, and the company is now making a comeback. Bburago's models are still popular with collectors and children alike, and the company is once again one of the leading manufacturers of die-cast model cars.

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Burberry

Burberry is a British luxury fashion house headquartered in London, England. The company is known for its iconic trench coats, which were originally designed for British soldiers in World War I. Burberry also produces a wide range of other clothing and accessories, including outerwear, leather goods, and fragrances.

The company was founded in 1856 by Thomas Burberry, a draper from Basingstoke, Hampshire. Burberry originally made waterproof fabrics, and his first product was a gabardine fabric that was made from a blend of wool and cotton. This fabric was quickly adopted by the military, and Burberry became a supplier of uniforms to the British Army.

In 1914, Burberry introduced the trench coat, which was designed to be both waterproof and stylish. The trench coat quickly became popular with soldiers and civilians alike, and it remains one of Burberry's most iconic products. In the years following World War I, Burberry continued to grow and expand. The company opened its first retail store in London in 1919, and it began to export its products to other countries in the 1920s. Burberry also began to license its brand to other companies, and its products became available in a wider range of stores.

In the 1970s, Burberry experienced a period of decline. The company's products were seen as outdated and old-fashioned, and sales began to fall. In 1997, Burberry was acquired by GUS, a British retail conglomerate. Under GUS's ownership, Burberry began to make a comeback. The company hired a new creative director, and it introduced a new line of products that were more stylish and contemporary. Burberry also began to invest in marketing and advertising, and its products were featured in fashion magazines and on celebrities.

In recent years, Burberry has continued to grow and expand. The company has opened stores in new markets, and it has launched a number of successful product lines, including Burberry Brit and Burberry Prorsum. Burberry is now one of the most successful luxury fashion houses in the world, and its products are sold in over 150 countries.

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Burmantofts Pottery

Burmantofts Pottery was a ceramic manufacturer based in Leeds, in Yorkshire, England. The company was established in 1858 by Wilcock & Co. to make architectural ceramics and bricks. In 1889 is was taken over by the Leeds Firebrick Company, whoo extended the range of ceramic products to include vases, jugs, bowls, and figurines. The company became known known for their Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts style ceramics and "Isnic" wares inspired by William de Morgan.. The company's products were sold both domestically and internationally and were popular among collectors. The company closed in the mid-20th century, and its products are now considered to be collectible items.

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Burr

Burr (or in the USA, burl) is the timber from the knotted roots or deformed branch of the tree, which when cut, displays the small circular knots in various gradations of colour. It is always cut into a decorative veneer, most commonly seen as burr walnut on 19th century furniture.

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Burra Nut

The burra nut, also known as betel nut or areca nut, is the seed of the areca palm tree (Areca catechu). The seed is commonly consumed in many parts of Asia and the Pacific, particularly in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. The hard outer shell of the burra nut can be polished and carved, creating intricate designs and patterns. In some cultures, the burra nut has been used as a traditional material for carving, and is considered a valuable and important part of the local craft industry.

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Bursley Ware (h. J. Wood) (england)

From 1910 to 1982, Wood & Sons Ltd operated earthenware manufacturing at the Trent, New Wharf, and Stanley Potteries in Burslem. The company was founded in 1865 by Absalom Wood and his son T.F. Wood, members of one of the prominent pottery dynasties that date back to the origins of the Staffordshire pottery industry. Originally trading as Wood & Son, the business changed its name to Wood & Sons in approximately 1907 and was incorporated as Wood & Sons Ltd in 1910.

In 1921, T.F. Wood's son, Harry F. Wood, succeeded him as chairman, and under his management, Wood & Sons Ltd grew into a large and prosperous earthenware manufacturer. The company had several associated entities, including H.J. Wood Ltd (located at Alexandra Pottery, Burslem), Bursley Ltd (later renamed Susie Cooper Pottery Co. Ltd, located at the Crown Pottery, Burslem), and Ellgreave Pottery Co. Ltd (located on Ellgreave Street in Burslem).

In 1954, Wood & Sons Ltd became a public company, adopting the name Wood & Sons (Holdings) Ltd, although Wood & Sons Ltd remained the primary operating entity. However, in December 1981, the business went into receivership and was sold to members of the Yorke family, some of whom had served as board members of the failed company. The new owners traded under the name Wood & Sons (1982) Ltd until its closure in 1995.

Throughout its history, Wood & Sons Ltd and its subsidiaries produced a diverse range of well-designed, high-quality earthenware aimed at the middle market. Their products primarily included teaware, tableware, fancy earthenware, and hotelware. During the 1930s, the company also produced Ivorine China, a semi-porcelain body, and from the 1940s onwards, their "Beryl Ware" green tableware was particularly popular. Some of the company's well-known trade names include "Wood's Ware," "Bursley Ware," "Woods Ivory Ware," and "Ivorine China."

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Butt Marker

Butt markers were used in 19th and early 20th century game shoots on English and Scottish estates to allocate the first and subsequent starting positions of each shooter. The most common form was a numbered peg or ball taken by each shooter, from a usually silver box or vesta shaped container .

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C. F. Martin & Company

C. F. Martin & Company is a guitar manufacturer. The business was founded by Christian Frederick Martin, Senior. who was born in Markneukirchen, Germany, in 1796. He was the son of a guitar maker, and he learned the trade from his father. In 1833, Martin emigrated to the United States and opened a guitar-making shop in New York City.

Martin's early guitars were made in the traditional German style. However, he soon began to experiment with new designs, and he developed a number of innovations that would become standard features on Martin guitars. For example, Martin was the first to use steel strings on acoustic guitars, and he also developed a new bracing system that improved the sound of the guitar.

In 1839, Martin moved his shop to Nazareth, Pennsylvania. This was a strategic move, as Nazareth was located in the heart of the American guitar-making industry. Martin's company continued to grow in the years that followed, and he became one of the most successful guitar makers in the world.

Martin was a lifelong innovator, and he continued to experiment with new designs and materials throughout his career. In 1843, he introduced the Dreadnought model, which became one of the most popular acoustic guitar body shapes in the world. In the 1930s, Martin began to produce electric guitars, and in the 1970s, he opened a custom shop, where guitars are made to the exact specifications of the customer.

The company is still based in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and is one of the most respected guitar manufacturers in the world. Martin guitars are known for their high quality, their beautiful sound, and their timeless design. Its guitars are played by some of the most famous musicians in the world, including Bob Dylan, John Mayer, and Taylor Swift. Martin guitars are known for their high quality, their beautiful sound, and their timeless design.

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C. J. Vander

C.J. Vander was a silversmith and retailer based in London. The company was founded in 1886 by Cornelius Joshua Vander, who was originally an apprentice to the firm of Macrae & Goldstein. Vander registered his first mark on 18 October 1886, while he was based in Soho, London. C.J. Vander produced a wide range of silver objects, including flatware, hollow ware, and jewelry. The company's work was known for its high quality and craftsmanship. C.J. Vander also had a reputation for innovation, and the company was one of the first to use hand-forged flatware.

The company continued to operate until 1996, when it was acquired by Syratech Corporation. Syratech continued to produce silver under the C.J. Vander name, and the company's products are still considered to be among the finest in the world. C.J. Vander was a maker of silver, not a retailer. The company's silver was marked with the maker's mark CJVR, which was registered with the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in London. The maker's mark was stamped on the underside of the silver object, and it was accompanied by the date letter and the silver standard.

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Cabaret Set

A cabaret set, also known as a coffee or tea cabaret, is a set of matching cups, saucers, and serving pieces, typically including a coffee pot, tea pot, cream and sugar container, and a tray, used for serving coffee or tea. The term "cabaret set" comes from the fact that these types of sets were often used in cabarets, which are venues for entertainment such as music, dance, and theater. They were typically used in these venues to serve drinks during intermissions or after the performance.

These settings were also popular in the Art Deco period, where they were used to entertain guests in private homes. The sets were often made of luxurious materials such as silver or porcelain and were decorated with bold geometric designs, stylized figures, and geometric shapes which are the hallmarks of the Art Deco style. The sets were often used to showcase the host's wealth, taste and cultural sophistication.

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Cache Pots

A cache pot, also spelt as cachepot, is a type of decorative container used to hold a flower pot containing a potted plant. The cache pot is a separate container from the plant's actual pot and is typically used to enhance the appearance of the plant or to hide an unattractive or functional flower pot. They are also used to protect the surface of furniture or floors from the water and soil of a potted plant. They can also be used to conceal an unsightly plastic nursery pot, or to provide a drainage layer for a plant.

Cache pots have been used throughout history to enhance the beauty of potted plants and were particularly popular during the Victorian era. Major manufacturers of ceramics cache pots included Minton, Wedgwood, Meissen and Royal Worcester.

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Cado / Cadovius / Royal+system (denmark)

The history of Cado, Danish mid-century furniture makers, can be traced back to 1948, when Poul Cadovius founded the furniture company Royal System. Cadovius was known for his innovative and functional designs, and his Royal System modular wall system was an instant success.

In 1964, Cadovius acquired the Danish furniture company France & Søn and renamed it Cado. Under Cadovius's leadership, the company continued to produce high-quality modular wall systems, as well as a variety of other furniture, including chairs, tables, and storage units.

Cado's furniture was characterized by its clean lines, simple forms, and use of natural materials such as teak and rosewood. It was also designed to be functional and versatile, with many pieces serving multiple purposes. For example, Cado's modular wall systems could be used to create a variety of different configurations, from a simple bookshelf to a complete home office.

Cado's furniture was popular in Denmark and throughout Europe, and it was also exported to the United States and other countries around the world. The company's success was due in part to its commitment to quality and craftsmanship, as well as its ability to produce innovative and functional designs.

Cadovius retired in 1985, and the company was eventually sold. However, Cado's furniture designs remain popular today, and they are prized by collectors and design lovers alike. Cado's modular wall systems are still in production, and they are still considered to be some of the best examples of Danish mid-century modern furniture.

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Cadogan Teapot

The Cadogan teapot or wine ewer originated in China. It has

no lid and fills from the base so that when standing upright they appear to

have no entry point, and so no way to be filled yet,  there is a spout from which the contents are

poured.

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Cairngorm

Cairngorm is a type of smoky quartz, which is a variety of quartz that ranges in colour from light gray to dark brown. It is found in granite rock in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, hence its name, and it is typically found in large clusters. The mineral is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 7, and it is fairly durable, making it a suitable choice for jewellery and decorative objects.

Cairngorm is said to have spiritual and healing properties, it is believed to have grounding energy, and it is thought to help with focus and concentration. It is also said to be a stone of protection and is said to help balance the energy within the body.

The mining and collection of Cairngorms is heavily regulated in Scotland, and it is illegal to remove them from the Cairngorms National Park without a permit.

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Calamander / Coromandel

Calamander wood, also known as coromandel wood or coromandel ebony, is a type of hardwood that comes from the Calamander tree (Diospyros quaesita), which is native to Sri Lanka, India, and Southeast Asia. The wood is known for its dark brown or black colour and its distinctive figuring, which can resemble a snakeskin pattern.

The wood is highly prized for its beauty and durability. It is often used in fine furniture making, particularly in the production of inlaid and marquetry work, as well as in the making of boxes, cabinets, and other decorative items. It is also used in the manufacture of flooring, paneling and other architectural applications.

Calamander wood is a very hard and heavy wood, it has a density of around 1.04 g/cm3. Its density and high natural oil content make it resistant to decay and insects, which is why it is a popular choice for outdoor furniture, flooring and other decorative items.

The wood is also used for turning and carving, but is difficult to work due to its high density and interlocking grain. However, it takes a high natural polish and has a beautiful lustre, which is why it is so sought after.

Due to the high demand and over-exploitation of the natural resources, the calamander tree is now a protected species, and the harvesting and export of the wood is heavily regulated.

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Calleija Jewellers

Calleija Jewellers is a luxury jewellery brand founded by John Calleija in 1987 in Australia. John Calleija was born and raised in Malta, and he began his career as a jewellery designer and manufacturer in Europe before moving to Australia in 1977.

In 1987, John Calleija founded Gold Coast. The company gained a reputation for its exquisite designs and exceptional craftsmanship, and became one of Australia's leading luxury jewellery brands.

In addition to its flagship store in Australia's Gold Coast, Calleija Jewellers has expanded to other locations around the world, including London and Las Vegas.

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Cannaged Leather

Decoration of  leather by creating embossed, repeating patterns resembling canework in furniture, as in leather goods by Christian Dior.

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Canted Corners

In decorative arts, especially furniture making, a canted corner refers to a technique where the corner of the piece is angled or "canted" to create a diagonal corner. This is different from a chamfered corner which is a technique where the edges of a corner are cut at an angle, creating a diagonal edge or "bevel" along the corner.

A canted corner is typically used to add visual interest to the item. It can be found in various styles of furniture such as contemporary, Art Deco, or traditional. It is often used to create a sense of movement and dynamism in a piece.

Canting a corner is a more complex technique than chamfering, and it is typically done by tilting the corner of a piece of furniture and then cutting the wood to match the angle. It's a technique that requires precise measurements and a good understanding of angles and geometry, and it is usually done by experienced artisans.

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Canton Enamel

Canton enamel is a type of Chinese decorative art that involves the application of enamel to metal objects. The enamel is typically applied in a variety of colours and designs, and the objects that are decorated with it include vases, bowls, and other decorative items. The technique was developed in the city of Canton (now known as Guangzhou) in the 18th and 19th centuries, and it became very popular for export to the west during the Victorian era. The enamels used in Canton enamel are usually made from glass powder, which is fused to the metal surface at high temperatures. This type of enamel work is known for its bright colours and intricate designs.

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Cape Byron Studio

Cape Byron Studio was an Australian glass studio founded in 1982 by Colin Heaney. It was located in Byron Bay, New South Wales, and was one of the first glass studios in the region. Heaney was a self-taught glass artist who had learned the craft in England. He was inspired by the natural beauty of Byron Bay and the surrounding area, and his work often reflected these themes.

In the early years, Cape Byron Studio was a small operation, with Heaney working alone. However, as the studio's reputation grew, Heaney began to take on apprentices and assistants. He also began to collaborate with other glass artists, including Colin Terris, Colin Reid, and Tim Wilson. Cape Byron Studio soon became known for its high-quality art glass. Heaney and his team produced a wide range of pieces, including vases, bowls, sculptures, and paperweights. Their work was characterised by its bold colours, intricate designs, and innovative techniques.

Cape Byron Studio was also a pioneer in the field of glass education. Heaney offered a variety of classes and workshops, and the studio became a popular destination for glass artists from all over the world. The studio received a number of awards including the Gold Medal for Glass at the Crafts Council of Australia Awards in 1985, the Australian Glass Award for Outstanding Achievement in 2000 and was featured in the exhibition "Australian Art Glass" at the National Gallery of Australia in 1990.

In 2008, Heaney sold Cape Byron Studio to a new owner. However, the studio continued to operate under the same name and produce high-quality art glass. In 2016, the studio was closed permanently.

Cape Byron Studio played an important role in the development of Australian art glass. It was one of the first studios to produce contemporary glass art in Australia, and its work helped to raise the profile of Australian glass artists around the world. The studio also played an important role in educating and inspiring the next generation of Australian glass artists.

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Capodimonte

Capodimonte porcelain is a type of porcelain that was produced in Italy during the 18th and 19th centuries, specifically at the Royal Factory of Capodimonte in Naples. The factory was founded in 1743 by Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples, and was one of the first porcelain factories in Europe. The porcelain produced there was known for its high quality and intricate designs, which were heavily influenced by the rococo style of the time.

The factory's early production focused on tableware and figurines, but later expanded to include a wider range of decorative items such as vases, urns, and candelabra. The factory was known for its use of vibrant colours and gilding, as well as its detailed and realistic figurines of animals, mythological figures, and historical characters.

In 1759 the factory was closed, but it was re-opened in 1771 by the Bourbon king, Ferdinand IV of Naples. However, the factory faced financial difficulties throughout the 19th century and was eventually closed in 1806.

Today, Capodimonte porcelain is highly prized by collectors for its beauty and historical significance, however, it's important to note that there are also many imitations and fakes in the market.

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Cappellini

Cappellini is an Italian furniture company founded in 1946 by Enrico Cappellini in Carugo, a small town near Milan. The company started out as a traditional furniture maker, but soon began to experiment with new materials and designs. In the 1960s, Cappellini began to collaborate with some of the most important designers of the day, including Mario Bellini, Joe Colombo, and Ettore Sottsass. These collaborations helped to establish Cappellini as a leading force in the Italian design scene.

In the 1970s, Cappellini began to focus on producing more affordable furniture, while still maintaining its commitment to high quality and design. The company also began to expand its international presence, opening showrooms in major cities around the world. Cappellini continued to grow and innovate in the 1980s and introduced a number of new furniture lines, including the iconic Up series of beanbag chairs designed by Gaetano Pesce. Cappellini also began to produce a wider range of products, including lighting, rugs, and accessories.

Cappellini continued to push the boundaries of design in the 1990s. The company collaborated with a new generation of designers, including Jasper Morrison, Marc Newson, and Konstantin Grcic. Cappellini also began to experiment with new materials, such as plastic and carbon fiber. Cappellini continued to be a leader in the world of design in the 21st century. The company introduced a number of new furniture lines, including the Air sofa designed by Patricia Urquiola and the Flip armchair designed by Jasper Morrison and continued to collaborate with a wide range of international designers.

Cappellini is one of the most respected furniture companies in the world. The company is known for its innovative designs, high quality, and commitment to Italian craftsmanship.

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Carafe

A carafe is a type of container, typically made of glass, that is used for holding and serving liquids such as water, wine, or juice. Carafes typically have a narrow neck and a wide base and are designed to be poured from easily. They often have a handle for easy pouring and carrying. Some carafes have a stopper or lid to keep the liquid fresh and prevent spills.

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Carat

A carat (abbreviated "ct") is a unit of measurement used to describe the weight of a diamond or other gemstone, and separately is a unit of measurement used to describe the weight of precious metals such as gold,.

For gemstones, one carat is equal to 0.2 grams or 200 milligrams. The weight of a diamond is one of the Four Cs (along with cut, colour, and clarity) that are used to determine a diamond's value.

It is important to note that a diamond's weight does not necessarily correspond to its size. A diamond's cut, which affects how well it reflects light, can make a diamond of a lower weight appear larger than a diamond of a higher weight. Additionally, the carat is not the only factor to determine the value of a diamond, other factors such as clarity, colour and cut are important too.

In the gold industry, the purity of gold is measured in carats (abbreviated "ct"), with 24 karats being pure gold and lower carat numbers indicating a lower purity level. So, for example, 18 carat gold is 18/24 or 75% pure gold, and 12 carat gold is 12/24 or 50% pure gold.

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Carbine

A carbine is a type of firearm that is similar to a rifle but is shorter and has a shorter barrel. The word "carbine" comes from the French word "carabine," which means "small rifle."

Carbines are typically used by military and law enforcement personnel, as well as by civilian shooters. They are often used by soldiers in situations where a full-size rifle would be too cumbersome, such as in close-quarters combat or when riding horseback. They are also used by law enforcement as a shorter alternative to a rifle for close-quarters combat or for non-lethal force.

Carbines typically fire the same ammunition as a rifle, but due to the shorter barrel, they have less range and accuracy than a rifle. They also tend to have a slightly lower recoil than a full-size rifle, making them easier to control.

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Carillon

A carillon in a clock or music box refers to a mechanism that plays a melody or a series of melodies on a set of bells or chimes. These bells or chimes are typically made of metal and are tuned to specific pitches to produce musical notes. The carillon mechanism is activated by the clock or music box's movement and can play a melody at specific intervals, such as hourly or on demand. A carillon clock or music box is a type of mechanical music box that is designed to play a melody on a set of bells or chimes.

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Carin Wilson

Carin John Wilson (born March 2, 1945) is a New Zealand studio furniture maker, sculptor, and design educator. He was a leader in the country's craft movement in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s and was one of the inaugurators of the design showcase Artiture in 1987. He is a descendant of the Ngati Awa ancestor Te Rangihouhiri and the founding chairman of Nga Aho, a design initiative that advocates for collaborative and creative practices among professionals within the M?ori tribal structure and community.

Born and raised in the South Island of New Zealand, Wilson enrolled at Victoria University of Wellington in 1963 to study law. However, he soon became bored with his legal studies and found employment as a sales representative for a Maori publishing company. During this time, he trained in organization and methods, which would later prove to be valuable skills in his career as a furniture maker and design educator.

In 1965, Wilson moved to Christchurch to establish his own furniture-making studio. He was largely self-taught, and his early work was influenced by the Scandinavian mid-century modern style, but he quickly developed his own unique aesthetic. His furniture is characterized by its clean lines, elegant proportions, and use of natural materials, such as New Zealand native timbers.

Wilson's work quickly gained recognition, and he began to exhibit his furniture at galleries and exhibitions throughout New Zealand and Australia. In 1978, he was a founding member of the Canterbury Guild of Woodworkers, and in 1981, he was elected President of the Crafts Council of New Zealand.

In the 1980s, Wilson began to explore the relationship between his Maori heritage and his work as a furniture maker. He incorporated traditional M?ori patterns and motifs into his designs, and he also collaborated with M?ori craftspeople to create new and innovative pieces of furniture.

Wilson's work is held in public and private collections throughout New Zealand and Australia. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2000 for services to design and craftsmanship.

In addition to his work as a furniture maker and designer, Wilson has also been a dedicated educator. He taught at the Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology for many years, and he has also given workshops and lectures throughout New Zealand and Australia.

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Carl Cooper

Carl Cooper was an Australian potter who was born in 1914 in Sydney. He studied at the East Sydney Technical College and the Royal College of Art in London. After graduating, he returned to Australia and set up his own pottery studio in Melbourne.

Carl Cooper (1912-1966) was a potter associated with the influential Boyd family. In the mid-1940s. He studied at the East Sydney Technical College and the Royal College of Art in London. After graduating, he returned to Australia and worked with Merric Boyd and John Perceval at AMB pottery, near the Boyd family home and studios ‘Open Country’ in Murrumbeena, a suburb of Melbourne. Cooper’s earthenware pieces were incised or painted in designs often influenced by Aboriginal bark paintings.

He had contracted poliomyelitis in his early twenties and each day, Arthur Boyd’s brother David would push Cooper’s wheelchair to the pottery, Cooper having lost the use of his legs from the poliomyelitis. Cooper's work is characterized by its simple forms and its use of earthy colours. He was influenced by the work of Japanese potters, and his pieces often have a minimalist aesthetic. He also experimented with different techniques, such as sgraffito and glazing.

Cooper eventually set up his own studio, but illness forced him to cease production in 1963 and he died in 1966 at the age of 52. His work is still highly regarded and are in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the Powerhouse Museum.

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Carl Mcconnell

Carl McConnell was born in Chicago in 1926 and studied art in several schools in the United States. During World War II he served in the US Navy during World War II and was based in Brisbane for a time where he met his future wife. After the war, he returned to the United states with his wife, but after a few years returned to Brisbane with his family and continued further art studies at the Brisbane Technical College.

McConnell became interested in ceramics during his studies and established his studio in Norman Park in 1954, later moving to Pinjarra Hills in 1959. He taught pottery at the Brisbane Technical College from 1958 to 1963, and then resigned to become a full-time potter. He returned to teach at the College from 1971 to 1974. He died in 2003.

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Carl Thieme

Carl Thieme was a renowned porcelain modeller who worked for the Royal Porcelain Factory in Dresden, Germany. He was born in 1838, in Potschappel, near Dresden.

Thieme began his career at the Royal Porcelain Factory, also known as the Meissen Porcelain Manufactory, in 1856. The Meissen factory was the first European facility to produce porcelain, and it played a significant role in the development of porcelain artistry. Thieme honed his skills under the guidance of experienced craftsmen, mastering the techniques of modelling and sculpting porcelain.

In 1872, Carl Thieme founded his own porcelain manufacturing company in Potschappel, which later became known as the Carl Thieme Porcelain Manufactory. The company specialized in producing porcelain figures, vases, and decorative objects. Thieme's creations were highly regarded for their exceptional quality and craftsmanship, often featuring intricate details and vibrant colors.

Thieme's porcelain figures and sculptures were inspired by various themes, including mythological and historical subjects, animals, and everyday life. He frequently incorporated elements of Rococo and Neoclassical styles into his designs, which appealed to the tastes of the time.

During his career, Thieme collaborated with other prominent porcelain artists and designers, such as Julius Konrad Hentschel, Eduard Eichler, and Ernst Bohne. The Carl Thieme Porcelain Manufactory gained international recognition for its exceptional porcelain wares, receiving awards and accolades at various exhibitions and trade fairs.

Carl Thieme passed away in 1906. Examples of Thieme's porcelain can be found in museums and private collections around the world, showcasing his significant contributions to the art of porcelain modelling in Dresden.

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Carnelian Glass

Carnelian glass is a type of glass that is colored red, orange, or brownish-red. It is made by adding iron oxide to the glass mixture. The color of carnelian glass can vary depending on the amount of iron oxide that is added, as well as the firing temperature. Carnelian glass is often used to make beads, jewellery, and other decorative items. It can also be used to make stained glass windows and other art objects. Carnelian glass is sometimes called "carnelian chalcedony" or "carnelian quartz."

Carnelian glass was first made in the Roman Empire. It was also made in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. Carnelian glass was not made again until the Renaissance, when it became popular again. Today, carnelian glass is made in many countries around the world.

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Carnival Glass

Australian amethyst carnival glass master bowl with kingfisher, 24 cm wide

Carnival Glass is pressed glass that has been iridised. The glass is firstly pressed into a mould while molten, and being in liquid form, takes on the shape of the mould. After it has been removed from the mould, it is sprayed with a coating of liquid metallic salts. This gives the surface an iridescent lustre, similar to the effect of oil floating water.

Although the technique was known in Roman times, it was not until 1907 that it was revived by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Other manufacturers taking note of their success followed suit and were able to produce a cheaper product by spraying the mixture on the glass, instead of including it in the glass mixture as Tiffany was doing.

Carnival glass was at its peak of popularity from about 1908 to the 1920's and as its popularity declined manufacturers, were left large stocks they were unable to sell. Popular legend has it that it was sold cheaply to travelling showman for prizes at carnivals, from whence came the name by which it is known today, carnival glass.

Prior to this, it went under a variety of names, including Iridill, Imperial Jewels, Imperial Art Glass, taffeta, lustre glass, Aurora and rhodium.

The Fenton Art Glass Co, is credited with being the first producer of carnival glass. Other major United States producers were Northwood Glass Company, Imperial Glass Company and Millersburg Glass Company.

Carnival glass was also produced in England, Europe, Central and South America, India, China and Australia.

In Australia, carnival glass was manufactured by the Australian Crystal Glass Company Ltd., which also traded as Crystal Glass Ltd. This company amalgamated with Australian Glass Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (later renamed Australian Consolidated Industries Ltd. and then A.C.I International Ltd.)) which eventually had a monopoly on glass production in Australia.

As in the United States, most of the carnival glass produced by Crystal Glass Company Limited was in the mid to late 1920s.

Australian themes featured strongly in their product line, with designs including the kingfisher, kangaroo, swan, emu, kookaburra, magpie, and waratah.

The range of shapes was similar to that of other carnival glass manufacturers and included various shaped bowls, salvers, jugs and tumblers, vases, float bowls and smaller items such as sugar bowls and butter dishes.

Most items made by Crystal Glass Company were in the 'marigold' colour, which showed an orange iridescence over the clear glass. This was also the most widely produced colour in the United States, the reason given being that it would brighten the dull interiors of the time. The other colour used was 'dark' which varied from light amethyst through to black, with a silvery iridescence. In other countries there was a virtual palette of colours produced.

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Carolean Furniture

Carolean is the name given to the period of the reign of King Charles II, who was King of England from 1660 to 1685. Charles II was known for his love of luxury and the arts, and during his reign, there was a renewed interest in decorative and ornate furniture. Many furniture makers and craftsmen of that time produced pieces that reflected this new aesthetic, which was heavily influenced by the Baroque style of continental Europe. The term "Carolean" was coined to describe this style of furniture in honor of the king, who was associated with the cultural and artistic revival of the period.

It is characterized by its ornate and decorative style, with heavy use of carving and gilding, and a focus on luxury and opulence. Common materials used in Carolean furniture include oak, walnut, and mahogany, and the style often incorporates elements of Dutch and Flemish design. Examples of Carolean furniture include the "great chair," a large and imposing armchair with a tall back and heavily carved arms, and the "cabriole leg," a type of furniture leg characterized by an S-shaped curve.

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Carrara Marble

Carrara marble is a type of white or blue-grey marble quarried in the Carrara region of Tuscany, Italy. It is prized for its beauty, durability and the ease with which it can be worked. The marble has been used for thousands of years for sculptures and architectural details, and was particularly popular during the Renaissance period. Some of the most famous sculptures in the world, such as Michelangelo's David, were carved from Carrara marble. It is also widely used in the construction of buildings, floors, and countertops, both indoors and outdoors. This marble is known for its unique veining which gives it a distinctive look, and it's a popular choice for interior design, especially bathrooms and kitchens.

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Carre

A "carre" (French for "square"), is a large, square-shaped silk scarf, typically measuring around 90 centimeters (35 inches) on each side, primarily associated with the luxury brand Hermès. Introduced in 1937, the carré scarf has become a symbol of luxury, elegance, and craftsmanship. The versatility of the Carré scarf allows it to be worn in numerous ways, making it a highly desirable and sought-after fashion accessory. Some common ways to wear a carre include as a neck scarf, a headscarf, tied around the neck in a classic knot or draped loosely, wrapped around the head to create a stylish headscarf or headband or around the waist as a belt.

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Carrera Y Carrera

The history of Spanish company Carrera y Carrera, dates back to 1885, when Saturio Esteban Carrera opened a small jewellery workshop in the Barrio de las Letras of Madrid. His son, José Esteban Carrera, continued the family tradition after completing his lapidary studies in Paris in 1920.

In the 1970s, José's nephews Manuel Carrera and Juan José Carrera created the Carrera y Carrera brand. The brothers revolutionised the world of jewellery with their daring and innovative designs. They were inspired by a wide range of sources, including nature, mythology, and art. Carrera y Carrera became one of the most prestigious jewellery brands in the world. Its pieces were worn by royalty and celebrities alike. The brand was known for its use of gold and precious stones, as well as its intricate craftsmanship.

The company's first wristwatches were introduced in the 1980s, and they quickly became popular for their distinctive style and high quality. Carrera y Carrera watches are known for their use of precious stones, their intricate designs, and their luxurious materials.

In the 1990s, Carrera y Carrera began to expand its international presence, opening stores in major cities around the world. The company also began to collaborate with other luxury brands, such as Ferrari and Lamborghini.

In 2019, Carrera y Carrera went into judicial liquidation and closed. However, in 2021, the brand was acquired by a new group of investors, who plan to revive it.

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Carrington & Co.

Carrington & Co. was a silversmith and jeweler in

London, founded in 1873 by John Bodman Carrington. The company was originally

located at 130 Regent Street, and it specialized in high-quality silverware,

trophies, and teaware services. Carrington & Co. was also a supplier to

restaurants and hotels, and its pieces were known for their durability and

quality.

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Cartel Clock

French cartel clocks, also known as "pendule de carton," are a type of wall-mounted clock that originated in France in the 18th century. They are characterized by their elongated and narrow shape, and their ornate and decorative style.

The French cartel clock first appeared in the early 18th century and became popular in the Rococo style of the mid-18th century. They were manufactured by clockmakers in Paris, who created them with a wide range of designs, from simple to very ornate. Cartel clocks were intended to be hung on a wall and were often used to decorate the interiors of homes, palaces and public buildings.

The clock's movement was usually made by one of the clock-making firms of Paris, and was fitted into the cardboard case. The most common clock movement was the French "pendule à balancier," which was an eight-day movement with a swinging pendulum.

The French cartel clock reached the peak of their popularity in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, but their production decreased as the Empire and Louis-Philippe styles became popular and replaced the Rococo style.

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Cartonnier

A cartonnier is an item of furniture that is used to store and organize items such as letters, documents, and other small items. It typically consists of a series of small drawers or compartments that are arranged in a vertical or horizontal fashion. The drawers or compartments are usually made of cardboard or a similar material, and they are often covered with a decorative fabric or paper to give them a more attractive appearance.

Cartonniers are commonly used in offices, bedrooms, and other spaces where organization and storage are important. Some Cartonniers also have a desk incorporated into the design making it a functional piece of furniture. They can be freestanding or wall-mounted and can vary in size, from small, portable units to large, built-in models.

Cartonniers were very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries

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Cartouche

An ornamental panel in the form of of a shield, oval or rectangular scroll with curling edges. It may be carved into the back of a chair or the top of a sideboard, or present on a piece of silver or jewellery, and contain the initials of the original owner, heraldic symbols, or some other inscription, such as the details of a presentation.

In ceramics the term defines the central area of a vase or similar with a decorative border in one of the shapes above, into which a decorative scene or figures have been painted.

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Caryatid

A Greek term that in architecture applies to a carved or cast female figures that acts as a column or pillar, supporting an entablature on her head.

In decorative arts , in furniture of the Renaissance and Classical Revival periods. Male figures are known as Atlantes.

Carved figures are rare on Australian furniture until the later 19th century, Australian craftsmen generally preferring to adopt the designs of the pattern books to rather more simple forms, such as scrolls or columns.

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Cased Glass

Cased glass is a type of glassware that is made by sandwiching a layer of one colour of glass between two layers of another colour of glass. This technique is also known as "slip-casting" and "slip-decorated" or "overlay" glass. The process creates a decorative effect by contrasting the colours of the outer layers with the inner layer. The outer layers can be clear, opaque or coloured and the inner layer can be a different colour, or it can be left clear to create a more subtle effect.

The technique was first developed in the 19th century, primarily in Europe, and it was used to produce a wide range of decorative glassware such as vases, bowls, and bottles. Cased glass was particularly popular during the Art Nouveau period, when many glassmakers, including Loetz, Galle, Steuben and Tiffay began to experiment with different colours and designs to create unique and striking pieces of glassware.

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Cassapanca

A cassapanca is a type of Italian storage bench or chest. The name "cassapanca" is derived from the Italian words "cassa" meaning "chest" and "panca" meaning "bench". It is typically made of wood and has a hinged lid that opens to reveal a storage compartment inside. The bench seat is usually upholstered and serves as a comfortable seating option.

Cassapanca's have been used in Italy for centuries, traditionally in the living room, entrance hall or bedroom. It was a practical and functional piece of furniture, used to store bedding, clothes, and other household items.

Cassapanca's can vary in style, from rustic and simple designs to more ornate, decorative pieces. They can be made from a variety of woods, such as pine, oak, or cedar, and can be finished in a variety of ways, from painted or stained to varnished or polished.

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Cassolette

The origins of the cassolette date back to medieval times, where they were commonly used to serve stews and other hot dishes at banquets and other formal occasions. In the 18th century, cassolette dishes began to be made from porcelain and were often decorated with ornate designs, making them popular as decorative pieces as well as functional serving dishes.

During the 19th century, cassolette dishes became popular in French cuisine, where they were used to prepare and serve dishes such as cassolette de fruits de mer, a seafood stew, and cassolette de gibier, a game stew.

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Cast Iron

Cast iron is produced by heating iron with a high carbon content until it liquefies, and then casting the iron into moulds of compressed sand.

Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into moulds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel had been invented, was in use, and was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for warfare in ancient China.

In the west, cast iron did not become available until the 15th century, and its earliest uses included cannon and shot, and later, cast iron cannons, which, while heavier than the existing bronze cannons, were much cheaper to manufacture and enabled more to be produced..

Cast iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces from about the 17th century. In 1707, Abraham Darby patented a method of making pots and kettles thinner and thus cheaper than his rivals could. This meant that his Coalbrookdale furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other coke-fired blast furnaces.

The ability to manufacture lighter items led to the popularity of cast iron for furniture and garden decoration during the 19th century, of which the Coalbrookdale company was the leading exponent.

Wrought iron became very popular again in the 1920s during the Art Deco period, and its uses included chairs, firescreens, decorative lamps and legs for tables.

Wrought iron differs from cast iron in that articles made from it cannot be mass produced. Each piece must be individually made (wrought) using a hammer on an anvil and a blacksmith's forge.

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Castelli

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Castleford Pottery

Named after the town where is was based, Castleford Pottery was founded by David Dunderdale, and operated from 1793 to 1820. They produced finely moulded white stoneware which included felsppar, giving the wares a degree of opacity. The technique was used to produce similar wares by potteries in Leeds in the 19th century. Production included teapots, jugs and bowls. A large part of the production was exported to Europe. Although the Castleford Pottery closed, the premises continued in use as a pottery until the early 1960s.

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Casuarina

Casuarina, is also known as beefwood (because of its appearance) she-oak, swamp oak, river oak, forest oak and Botany Bay wood. It is a native Australian hardwood, red brown in colour with dark flecks.

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Catanach's Jewellers

Catanach's Jewellers is a family-owned and operated jewellery business that has been in operation since 1874. The company was founded by George William Catanach, a skilled diamond setter who migrated from London, UK to Australia in 1870.

Catanach's first store was located on Elizabeth Street in Melbourne's CBD. The business quickly grew in popularity, and by 1889, Catanach had purchased a four-storey bluestone building at 290 Little Collins Street, which was named Catanach House.

The business has a long history of craftsmanship and innovation. The company was one of the first in Australia to use electric polishing machines, and it has also been a pioneer in the use of new gemstones and jewellery design techniques.

Catanach's is still owned and operated by the Catanach family. The business moved to High Street, Armadale in 1990, from where it still operates.

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Caughley Porcelain Factory

The Caughley Porcelain factory also known as the Salopian Porcelain Company was a porcelain manufacturer located in Caughley, Shropshire, England. The factory was established in the early 1770s by Thomas Turner, who was one of the first manufacturers of porcelain in England. He was followed by a partnership of Thomas Turner and Thomas Rea. The factory was in production until 1799.

The Caughley factory produced a wide range of porcelain goods, including tea wares, coffee cups, plates, and figurines. Their porcelain was known for its delicate blue and white patterns, which were influenced by Chinese porcelain. The factory also produced a unique type of porcelain called "Caughley blue" which is a very pale blue and white porcelain.

During the early years of the factory, Caughley porcelain was highly sought after and considered to be of very high quality. However, the factory struggled financially and it was forced to close in 1799. Today, Caughley porcelain is considered to be quite rare and valuable by collectors.

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Cauldon Potteries Ltd.

Cauldon Potteries Ltd. was a ceramics manufacturer in Stoke-on-Trent, England. The company was founded in 1802 by Job Ridgway, and it was one of the largest and most successful ceramics manufacturers in England during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The company's early products were mainly earthenware, but Ridgway soon began to experiment with other materials, such as porcelain and bone china. In 1851, Cauldon Potteries won first prize at the Great Exhibition for its high-quality porcelain.

The company continued to produce high-quality ceramics throughout the 19th century. In 1874, Cauldon Potteries was awarded a Royal Warrant by Queen Victoria. The company's products were known for their high quality and attractive designs, and they were exported all over the world.

In the early 20th century, Cauldon Potteries continued to be a successful company. However, the company faced increasing competition from overseas manufacturers in the 1930s. In the 19th and early 20th century the company had traded under a number of different names, and in 1935, the company was acquired by Harold Taylor Robinson, who renamed it Cauldon Potteries Ltd.

Robinson was a successful businessman, and he helped to revive Cauldon Potteries. The company introduced a number of new products, including a line of china called Royal Cauldon. Royal Cauldon was made from a fine-grained porcelain, and it was decorated with delicate floral patterns. The new line was an immediate success, and it helped to establish Cauldon Potteries as one of the leading ceramics manufacturers in England.

The company continued to produce high-quality ceramics throughout the 20th century. However, the company faced increasing competition from overseas manufacturers in the 1960s. In 1962, Cauldon Potteries was acquired by Wedgwood.

Wedgwood continued to produce ceramics under the Cauldon Potteries name for a few years, but the company eventually closed in 1982.

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Caverswall China

Caverswall China is a British pottery company founded in 1973 in Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is known for its high-quality, handcrafted English fine bone china. The company was founded by Peter Harper, who had previously worked for other pottery companies in Stoke-on-Trent. Harper was committed to producing fine bone china of the highest quality, and he used traditional methods and skilled artisans to create his products.

The company established a reputation for its elegant and stylish designs. Its products are made using a complex process that involves firing the clay at high temperatures to create a strong and durable material. Caverswall China is also known for its high glaze content, which gives its products a glossy and lustrous finish.

In 2008, Caverswall China was granted a Royal Warrant by HRH The Prince of Wales, a prestigious award that recognizes the company's high standards of quality and craftsmanship. In 2015 Caverswall China was acquired by Halcyon Days as a sister brand.

Caverswall China continues to be a leading producer of high-quality English fine bone china. The company's products are sold all over the world and are used by many royal families and heads of state.

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Celine

The Celine designer jewellery brand was founded by Céline Vipiana in the early 1960s, Vipiana was initially a shoe designer, but at that time she expanded her repertoire to include handbags and accessories. Celine's jewellery designs were inspired by her minimalist aesthetic and her love of clean lines. She often used gold, silver, and precious stones in her designs, and her pieces were known for their understated luxury.

In the 1970s, the Celine brand became popular among fashion icons such as Jackie Onassis and Audrey Hepburn. Her jewellery was also featured in several films and television shows, which helped to solidify her reputation as one of the most important jewellery designers of her time. In the 1980s and 1990s, Celine continued to produce high-quality jewellery designs. However, the brand experienced a decline in popularity in the early 2000s.

In 2008, Celine was acquired by French luxury group Kering. Under the creative direction of Phoebe Philo, Celine experienced a resurgence in popularity. Philo's jewellery designs were simple, elegant, and modern and she often used geometric shapes and unique materials in her designs, and her pieces were quickly embraced by celebrities and fashionistas alike.

In 2016, Hedi Slimane became the creative director of Celine. Slimane took the brand in a new direction, with a focus on edgy and rock-and-roll designs. His jewellery designs were more daring and statement-making than Philo's, and they featured bold colours and eclectic materials.

Celine remains one of the most popular luxury brands in the world. Its jewellery is known for its high quality, timeless design, and understated luxury. Celine jewellery is worn by celebrities and fashion icons alike, and it is considered a status symbol.

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Celluloid

In 1864 an American scientist by the name of Parkes mixed camphor with nitrocellulose, etc. The result was what came to be known as "celluloid", the first form of plastic, and a product for which Parkes could find no use.

Some time later when the supplies of ivory for making billiard balls were becoming difficult to obtain, an inventor produced a perfect billiard ball from a mould using "celluloid".

Toys, dolls and other products such as combs, cutlery handles and costume jewellery made from celluloid began appearing on the market from 1913 and continued to do so until the early 1950s by which time it was superseded by more modern products due to safety concerns because it was highly flammable and brittle product.

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Centrepiece

Popular in Victorian times, a centrepiece was designed to stand on a dining table or sideboard, and convey the theme of the gathering such as Christmas or Easter, as well as the social status of the owner.

Often very elaborately made, they can take many forms, including epergnes, sculpture, multi basket containers for fruit or sweetmeats, and large bowls.

They have been made in a variety of materials including glass, ceramics, silver, silverplate and bronze.

Centrepiece is also the name given to the central feature of an item of jewellery such as a necklace or bracelet.

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Centro Progetti Tecno

Centro Progetti Tecno, also known as Tecno, is an Italian furniture company founded in 1951 by Giulio Castelli. The company was originally called Costruzioni Metalliche Tecno, and it specialized in the production of metal furniture.

In the early 1950s, Tecno began to collaborate with some of the most renowned architects and designers of the day, including Osvaldo Borsani, Franco Albini, and Gae Aulenti. These collaborations resulted in some of the most iconic mid-century modern furniture designs, such as the P40 lounge chair by Osvaldo Borsani and the M69 armchair by Franco Albini.

Tecno's furniture was characterized by its sleek, modern lines and its use of innovative materials and construction techniques. The company was also known for its commitment to quality and its attention to detail.

Tecno continued to produce innovative furniture designs in the 1960s and 1970s. The company also began to expand its product range to include lighting, office furniture, and textiles.

Tecno remains a leading manufacturer of high-quality furniture. The company continues to collaborate with some of the most talented international designer, and its products are sold all over the world.

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Cerrone Jewellery

Nicola Cerrone, originally from the small village of Lanciano on Italy's east coast, immigrated to Australia at the age of 12. After completing his education, he began working as an apprentice to a master jeweller in Sydney. Seeking to broaden his skills, he embarked on a journey across Europe, learning from esteemed masters and artists. In 1972, he established his own store in Leichhardt, New South Wales. Within a short span of five years, his workshop expanded to employ 20 individuals.

In 1991, Cerrone was approached by the Argyle Diamond Mine to create a remarkable piece of jewelry—the Million Dollar Necklace—which would eventually become the largest diamond necklace ever made in Australia. This awe-inspiring creation comprised of hundreds of cognac, champagne, and white diamonds, totaling an impressive 230 carats.

In 1998, Cerrone designed the Elizabethan Ruff, a masterpiece adorned with 559 round brilliant-cut diamonds, earning him the prestigious 1998 De Beers Diamonds International Award, presented in Paris.

Recognizing his achievements in Australia, Cerrone was honored with the Key to the City (il Frentano d'Oro) in his hometown of Lanciano Abruzzo, Italy. He also became an ambassador for the Abruzzo region, a role he still holds today.

In 2008, Cerrone crafted a chalice, paten, and ciborium for His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI to use during the Closing Mass of World Youth Day. These pieces showcased native Australian flora, incorporating Australian cognac and pink diamonds. In 2009, Cerrone expanded his business by opening a new retail store in Sydney's Martin Place, followed by the reopening of the Castlereagh Street store in 2011.

Over the past 45 years, Cerrone's business has gained a renowned reputation for its exceptional craftsmanship and commitment to design excellence. In 2017, Cerrone proudly launched his first boutique outside of Sydney, located in St Collins Lane on Collins Street in Melbourne CBD.

Cerrone has also partnered with Racing NSW to create redesigned trophies for The Championships and The Everest carnivals, showcasing the pinnacle of Australian horse racing during the Autumn and Spring Carnivals. The Everest trophy, in particular, has garnered international attention, featuring an impressive 550 carats of black diamonds.

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Certina

Certina is a Swiss watch manufacturer with a rich history dating back over 135 years. The company was founded in 1888 by Adolf and Alfred Kurth in the town of Grenchen, Switzerland. Certina quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality timepieces with precision and reliability.

In the early years, Certina focused on creating pocket watches, but in the 20th century, the company shifted its attention to wristwatches, which were gaining popularity. Certina was among the first Swiss watchmakers to produce wristwatches with automatic movements.

During the mid-20th century, Certina introduced several notable watch collections. In 1959, they unveiled the "DS" (Double Security) concept, which offered increased durability and water resistance. The DS concept became a hallmark of Certina watches, ensuring their timepieces could withstand harsh conditions and extreme environments.

Certina gained recognition for its sports watches, particularly in the field of diving. The Certina DS-2 Super PH 500M, introduced in 1968, was a groundbreaking timepiece capable of reaching depths of up to 500 meters. The DS-2 Super PH 500M paved the way for Certina's continued development of robust and reliable diving watches.

In 1983, Certina became a part of the Swatch Group, one of the world's largest watch conglomerates. This partnership allowed Certina to further enhance its technological advancements and expand its market reach.

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Chain Stitch

Chain stitch is a type of sewing stitch that creates a series of small, interlocking loops that resemble a chain. It is one of the oldest forms of embroidery and is used to create decorative designs on a variety of different fabrics.

In chain stitch, the needle is passed through the fabric, and then brought back up through the fabric a short distance away. The thread is then looped around the needle, creating a small loop, and the needle is passed back through the loop, pulling it tight against the fabric. This process is then repeated to create a series of interlocking loops, which resemble a chain. The loops can be of different shapes and sizes, allowing for the creation of a wide variety of decorative designs.

Chain stitch is considered a very versatile and decorative embroidery technique. It can be used to create a wide variety of designs, from simple outlines to more complex and detailed patterns. It's a great technique for surface embroidery, and can be used on a variety of fabrics, including cotton, linen, and silk. It's also very popular in the creation of traditional hand-embroidered textiles, such as shawls, table runners, and wall hangings.

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Charles Bayliss

Charles Bayliss was a prominent Australian photographer who worked in the 19th century. He is best known for his pioneering work in the field of panoramic photography, as well as his photographs documenting the landscapes, people, and culture of Australia during the late 1800s.

Charles Bayliss was born in England in 1850, and emigrated to Australia with his family when he was a child. He began his career as a photographer in the 1870s, working as an assistant to the renowned Melbourne-based photographer, Thomas Foster Chuck.

In 1875, Bayliss established his own studio in Sydney, where he became known for his panoramic photographs of the city and its surroundings. He also produced a series of panoramic photographs of the city of Melbourne, which were widely distributed as postcards and became popular souvenirs for tourists.

Bayliss's photographs were highly acclaimed for their technical quality and attention to detail. He was particularly skilled in the use of large-format cameras, which allowed him to create highly-detailed images with great clarity and depth.

In addition to his panoramic work, Bayliss also produced a large number of photographs documenting the landscapes, people, and culture of Australia during the late 1800s. His photographs of Aboriginal people and their communities are particularly noteworthy, as they offer a rare and valuable glimpse into a way of life that was rapidly disappearing at the time.

Bayliss's work was widely exhibited and recognized during his lifetime. He received numerous awards for his photography and was appointed the official photographer for the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879. He also served as the official photographer for several important Australian expeditions, including the Horn Expedition to Central Australia in 1894.

Bayliss continued to work as a photographer until his death in 1897, leaving behind a legacy of pioneering work in panoramic photography and a rich documentation of the people and places of Australia during the late 19th century.

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Charles Christofle

Charles Christofle was a French silversmith and businessman who played an important role in the development of the French silver industry during the 19th century. He was born in 1805 in the town of Saint-Dizier in northeastern France, and began his career as an apprentice silversmith in Paris.

In 1838, he founded his own company, Christofle et Cie, and began producing high-quality silverware and other luxury items, such as candelabras, vases, and picture frames. He quickly gained a reputation for producing some of the finest silverware in France, and his company became one of the most successful and respected in the country.

Christofle's most famous work was his creation of the "Christofle style" characterized by the use of a combination of different techniques like chasing, engraving and gilding.

Christofle was also a skilled businessman and was able to expand his company rapidly, opening branches and showrooms in cities throughout Europe and America. He was awarded several medals in the major international fairs of the time, including the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris, where he was awarded a gold medal for his silverware.

Christofle was also a patron of the arts and a great supporter of French art and design. He was responsible for commissioning many of the most famous French artists and designers of the time to create pieces for his company, including the likes of Auguste Rodin, Charles Garnier, and Jules-Claude Ziegler.

Christofle retired in 1875, and his company continued to be run by his descendants until it was acquired by a private equity firm in 1998. Today, Christofle is still a leading name in luxury silverware and tableware, known for its high-quality craftsmanship and elegant designs.

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Charles Frodsham

Charles Frodsham was born into a dynasty of clock, watch, and chronometer makers on April 15, 1810. His father, William James Frodsham, was a well-respected horologist in his own right, and Charles apprenticed with him at the age of 14. He showed early promise as a horologist, and in 1830 he submitted two chronometers to the Premium Trials at Greenwich. His second chronometer won the second Premium prize of £170. This success helped to establish Charles as one of the leading chronometer makers in London.

In 1834, Charles Frodsham founded his own business at 7 Finsbury Pavement. He quickly became one of the most respected chronometer makers in the world, and his clocks and watches were used by the Royal Navy, the U.S. Navy, and other organizations. Hes was also a active member of the horological community. He was a founding member of the British Horological Institute in 1858, and he served as Master of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers in 1855 and 1862.

Charles Frodsham died on January 11, 1871. His company, Charles Frodsham & Co., continues to operate today, and it is the longest continuously trading firm of chronometer manufacturers in the world.

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Charles Jourdan

Charles Jourdan was a prominent French fashion designer known for his contributions to the luxury shoe industry. Born on January 22, 1883, in the town of Romans-sur-Isère, France, Jourdan embarked on a career that would leave a lasting impact on the world of high fashion.

Jourdan's journey in the fashion industry began when he inherited his family's shoe business. In 1921, he established his own company, which would eventually become synonymous with elegance and sophistication. Charles Jourdan quickly earned recognition for his innovative designs and meticulous craftsmanship, making a name for himself in the competitive world of haute couture.

The brand gained further prominence in the 1950s and 1960s when Jourdan's sons, Charles and Roland, joined the business. Under their leadership, Charles Jourdan expanded its offerings and became a favourite among celebrities and fashion-forward individuals. The brand's distinctive style was characterized by sleek lines, bold colours, and attention to detail, setting it apart in the realm of luxury footwear.

Charles Jourdan's shoes became sought after by fashionistas around the world, and the brand established a strong presence in international markets. The designer's commitment to quality and design innovation solidified his legacy in the fashion industry.

Despite the ups and downs faced by the brand over the years, including changes in ownership, Charles Jourdan's influence endured. His contributions to the evolution of high-end footwear are still appreciated today, and the name Charles Jourdan remains associated with timeless elegance and style.

Charles Jourdan passed away on March 14, 1976, but his legacy lives on through the continued success of the brand and the enduring impact of his contributions to the world of fashion.

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Charles Kerry, Kerry & Co.

Charles Kerry was a professional photographer and owner of the successful photographic firm Kerry and Co. He was born in Bombala, New South Wales, in 1857. In 1874, he joined the small portrait studio of Alexander Henry Lamartiniere in Sydney. He was made a partner in 1883, but Lamartiniere absconded from the business in 1884, taking Kerry's capital with him. Kerry continued to run the company in partnership with C. D. Jones, and eventually renamed it Kerry and Co.

Kerry and Co became one of the largest photographic businesses in Australia. They specialized in portraits, but also photographed Sydney scenery and society, and were active in the postcard business. Kerry was also commissioned to photograph a variety of subjects, including Aboriginal people and ceremonies, pastoral stations, and the interiors of the Jenolan and Yarrangobilly caves.

By 1900, Kerry and Co were the major photographers for illustrations in the Sydney press. Kerry retired in 1913 to dedicate himself to his mining interests in Malaysia and Thailand. He was also a pioneer snow sportsman and contributed to the establishment of ski fields in the Jindabyne and Kosciusko area.

Kerry died in Sydney in 1928. His photographs are an important record of life in Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They are held in the collections of the National Library of Australia, the State Library of New South Wales, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

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Charles Locke Eastlake

Charles Locke Eastlake was born in 1793 in Plymouth, England. He trained as an architect and worked as an assistant to several prominent architects in the early part of his career.

He was a prominent figure in the Gothic Revival movement, and his work in this style can be seen in many of the important public buildings he worked on, such as the Palace of Westminster and the Royal Albert Hall in London.

Eastlake was also a respected author and arts administrator. He was a founding member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and served as its President from 1845 to 1848. In addition, he wrote several influential books on design and decoration, including "Hints on Household Taste in Furniture, Upholstery and Other Details," which was widely read and had a significant impact on Victorian aesthetics.

Eastlake died in 1865, in Pisa, Italy. Despite his relatively short career, he was a major influence on the decorative arts in the Victorian era and continues to be remembered today as one of the leading figures in the Gothic Revival movement.

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Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, and artist who was a leader of the Glasgow style in Great Britain. His work was influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and Art Nouveau, and he is one of the most important figures of Modern Style in Scotland. He was born in Glasgow in 1868. He began his studies in architecture at the age of 15, and in 1889 he joined the firm of Honeyman and Keppie. He became a partner in the firm in 1904, and he remained with them until 1913.

Mackintosh's most famous architectural works designs the Glasgow School of Art (1896-1909), the Hill House (1902-1904), and the Willow Tea Rooms (1903-1904). He also designed furniture, textiles, and other decorative objects. Mackintosh's work was not widely appreciated during his lifetime, but it has since been rediscovered and celebrated. He is now considered to be one of the most important and influential Scottish artists of the 20th century.

In addition to his architectural work, Mackintosh was also a prolific watercolorist and graphic artist. His work is characterized by its bold, geometric forms, and its use of simple, natural colors.

Mackintosh married Margaret Macdonald in 1900. Margaret was also a talented designer, and the couple collaborated on many projects together. They divorced in 1915, but they continued to work together. Mackintosh moved to London in 1914, and he died there in 1928. He was buried in Glasgow Cathedral.

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Charles Wright

Charles Wright was an 18th-century silversmith active in London. He was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire, in 1730, the son of Thomas Wright, a carrier. He was apprenticed to Thomas Whipham, a silversmith, in 1747, and was granted his freedom in 1754. Wright worked in partnership with Whipham for several years, and their mark, "TW&C", can be found on a number of pieces of silver from the mid-1750s. In 1775, Wright went into business on his own, and his mark, "CW", can be found on silver from that date onwards.

Wright was a highly skilled silversmith, and his work is characterized by its fine craftsmanship and elegant design. He specialized in hollowware, such as cups, tankards, tea and coffee pots, and sauceboats. His work is often decorated with gadrooning, fluting, and cast floral and animal motifs. Wright was elected to the Goldsmiths' Company livery in 1758, and served as warden of the company from 1783 to 1785. He retired from business in 1790, and died in 1815.

Some of the most notable pieces of silver by Charles Wright include a tankard, made in 1767, which is decorated with in relief animals in a traditional English scene; a coffee pot, made in 1768, which is a truly exceptional and a cup and cover, made in 1770, which is now in the collection of the British Antique Dealers' Association.

Wright's work is highly sought after by collectors, and his pieces can fetch high prices at auction. He is considered to be one of the finest silversmiths of his day, and his work is a testament to his skill and artistry.

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Charlie Chaplin

Charlie Chaplin was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He was born in London, England, on April 16, 1889, and his childhood was one of poverty and hardship. His father abandoned the family when Charlie was young, and his mother was forced to institutionalize due to mental illness. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian.

In 1910, Chaplin was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to the United States. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona, a bowler hat, cane, and baggy pants, and attracted a large fan base. The Tramp is Chaplin's most famous character and one of the most iconic figures in cinema history. The Tramp is a homeless but optimistic man who always manages to find humor in his situation. He is a symbol of the common man and his struggles, and he has been praised for his humanity and his ability to connect with audiences around the world.

Chaplin directed his own films from an early stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. He also wrote, produced, and edited his films, and often composed the music himself. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture.

Chaplin's career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977. He was a prolific filmmaker, directing over 80 films, and he also starred in many of them. He was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and he won three. In 1972, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

Chaplin was a complex and controversial figure. He was a master of comedy, but he also explored serious themes in his films, such as poverty, social injustice, and war. He was a staunch defender of free speech, and he was often at odds with the Hollywood establishment.

Despite his flaws, Chaplin is widely regarded as one of the greatest film artists of all time. His films are still enjoyed by audiences around the world, and he continues to inspire filmmakers and comedians alike.

The most popular items of Charlie Chaplin memorabilia include:

•    Original film posters: Vintage posters from Chaplin's films are highly sought-after by collectors. The most valuable posters are those from his silent films, such as The Kid (1921) and The Gold Rush (1925).

•    Photographs: Photographs of Chaplin are also popular collectibles. Rare or candid photos can be especially valuable.

•    Autographs: Chaplin's autograph is another highly sought-after collectible. Authentic autographs can be worth a lot of money.

•    Personal items: Items that belonged to Chaplin, such as his clothing, props, and awards, are also valuable collectibles. These items are often sold at auction.

•    Film memorabilia: Other film memorabilia related to Chaplin, such as lobby cards, figurines, and toys, can also be collectible.

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Charlotte Perriand

Charlotte Perriand was a renowned French architect and furniture designer known for her innovative approach and emphasis on functionality. Born on October 24, 1903, in Paris, Perriand studied at the École de L'Union Centrale des Arts Décoratifs, where she developed a strong interest in interior design and furniture. In 1927, she joined Le Corbusier's studio, working closely with him and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret.

During her collaboration with Le Corbusier, Perriand played a significant role in the development of modern furniture design. She championed the use of industrial materials like tubular steel, resulting in groundbreaking furniture pieces such as the iconic "LC4" chaise longue. Her designs showcased the fusion of form and function.

Perriand also embarked on independent projects, drawing inspiration from different cultures and landscapes. She incorporated elements of nature and craftsmanship into her work, exemplified by her "Nuage" bookshelf, which mimicked the irregular shapes found in nature. Not limited to furniture design, Perriand participated in large-scale architectural projects. Her collaboration on the Villa Savoye, a seminal work of modern architecture, showcased her versatility. Her designs were characterized by functional simplicity, practicality, and attention to detail, with clean lines and geometric shapes. Perriand believed furniture should serve user needs while harmonizing with the environment.

After World War II, she continued to produce influential designs, embracing natural materials and sustainable principles. In the 1950s, she designed modular ski resorts called "Les Arcs," highlighting the integration of architecture and nature. Perriand's contributions have had a lasting impact on mid-century furniture design and modern architecture. Her works, celebrated for their timeless appeal, functional ingenuity, and merging of art and technology, are displayed in prestigious museums worldwide. Charlotte Perriand passed away on October 27, 1999, leaving behind a remarkable legacy as one of the most influential designers of the 20th century.

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Charlotte Rhead

Charlotte Rhead (1885-1947) was an English ceramic artist who is known for her distinctive style and innovative techniques. She was born into a family of potters in Tunstall, Staffordshire, England, and grew up surrounded by the local pottery industry.

In 1905, she began working at the Wardle Pottery in Stoke-on-Trent, where she initially painted designs on pottery. She quickly developed a talent for ceramics and began experimenting with new techniques, such as tube-lining, a process in which the design is outlined in raised lines of clay before being filled in with colors.

In 1913, Charlotte Rhead began working at the ceramics firm of Burgess and Leigh, where she developed her signature style of bold, colorful floral designs. She also experimented with new techniques such as lustre glazes, which gave her pieces a metallic sheen.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Charlotte Rhead's designs became extremely popular, and her pieces were in high demand. She created a wide range of ceramics, including vases, bowls, and plates, and her work was exhibited at prestigious events such as the Paris Exhibition of 1925.

In 1931, Charlotte Rhead left Burgess and Leigh to work for the A G Richardson Pottery in the UK. There, she continued to experiment with new techniques, such as sgraffito, a process in which the top layer of a design is scratched away to reveal the color beneath. She also developed a new line of ceramics inspired by medieval designs.

Charlotte Rhead continued to work in the pottery industry until her death in 1947.

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Chaumet

Chaumet is a French jewellery retailer that was founded in 1780 by Marie-Étienne Nitot. Nitot quickly became known for his high-quality jewellery and was appointed official jeweller to Empress Joséphine in 1804. In 1907, Chaumet moved to its current location at 12 Place Vendôme, a prestigious address in Paris. In the 1920s, Chaumet's jewellery became more Art Deco in style, with geometric designs and bold use of colours.

In the 1970s, Chaumet launched the Arcade, a new store concept that featured interactive displays and a more modern design. In the 1980s, Chaumet began to expand internationally, opening stores in major cities around the world. Chaumet continued to innovate In the 2000s, launching new collections and collaborations with artists and designers.

Some of Chaumet's most famous pieces of jewellery include:

•    the Joséphine Necklace: This necklace was commissioned by Empress Joséphine in 1804. It is made of diamonds and pearls and is one of the most famous pieces of jewellery in the world.

•    the Liens bracelet: This bracelet was created in 1977. It is made of gold and diamonds and is designed to represent the bonds of love and friendship.

•    the Bee My Love collection: This collection was created in 2008. It is inspired by the bee, which is a symbol of the House of Chaumet.

In 2012, Chaumet was acquired by LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, the world's largest luxury goods company.

Chaumet's jewellery has been worn by celebrities and royals around the world including Jackie Kennedy Onassis, Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, Kate Middleton.

Chaumet is one of the most prestigious jewellery brands in the world. It is known for its exquisite craftsmanship, exquisite designs, and its long history of association with royalty and celebrities.

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Chelsea Porcelain

The Chelsea Porcelain Factory was established in London, England in 1743. It was one of the first porcelain factories in England, and it quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality, finely detailed porcelain. The factory was founded by Nicholas Sprimont, a Belgian silversmith, and was initially known for its soft-paste porcelain figurines and tableware.

In the 1750s, the factory began to produce hard-paste porcelain, which was more durable and of higher quality than the soft-paste porcelain it had been producing. The factory's reputation was further solidified by its production of ornate, hand-painted porcelain figures, many of which were based on popular 18th-century paintings.

Chelsea porcelain was highly prized by the wealthy and was often given as gifts to members of the royal family. The factory experienced various ownership changes throughout the 18th century, including a takeover by William Duesbury, who owned it from 1769 to 1784 when it closed due to financial difficulties and competition from other porcelain manufacturers.

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Cherryca

Cherryca was a brand of die-cast model cars produced in the early 1960s by the Japanese company Taiseiya and branded as Cherryca Phenix. The company was founded in 1956 and Cherryca's first products were die-cast toy cars, which were inspired by the American hot rod culture of the 1950s. The company's cars were well-received by Japanese consumers and soon became popular collectors' items.

In the 1960s, Cherryca began to expand its product line to include other types of toy vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and motorcycles. The company also began to export its products to other countries, including the United States and Europe.

Cherryca faced increasing competition in the 1970s from other Japanese toy vehicle makers, such as Tomica and Matchbox. However, the company continued to produce high-quality products and maintained its popularity among collectors. In the following decade Cherryca began to focus on producing more realistic and detailed toy vehicles. The company also began to produce a line of toy vehicles that were based on real-world brands, such as Toyota and Nissan.

Cherryca continues to be a popular toy vehicle maker in Japan. The company's products are known for their high quality and realistic detail.

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Chester Nealie

Chester Nealie is a prominent New Zealand ceramic artist, known for his innovative and unique sculptural pieces. He was born in Taranaki, New Zealand in 1942, and spent much of his childhood on his family's farm.

Nealie began his career as a potter in the early 1960s, when he studied under renowned New Zealand potter Len Castle at the Auckland Teachers' College. After completing his studies, Nealie worked as a teacher, but continued to pursue his passion for ceramics in his spare time.

In the early 1970s, Nealie was appointed as a tutor at the Otago Polytechnic School of Art, where he began to develop his own distinctive style. His work during this period was characterized by its sculptural quality, and often incorporated natural forms such as shells and seed pods.

Over the years, Nealie's work has evolved and expanded, and he has become known for his large-scale sculptural pieces that explore themes of nature, spirituality, and the relationship between humans and the natural world. His work often incorporates elements of New Zealand's Maori culture, and he has been recognized as one of the country's most important contemporary Maori artists.

In addition to his work as a ceramic artist, Nealie has also been involved in art education and advocacy. He has held numerous teaching positions throughout New Zealand, and has been instrumental in the development of the country's ceramic arts community.

Nealie's work has been exhibited extensively both within New Zealand and internationally, and he has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors for his contributions to the field of ceramics.

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Chevron Motif

In jewellery, a chevron is a V-shaped pattern or design that is often used to create a bold and striking visual effect, and as a symbol of strength, power and protection.. It is a classic motif used in many different styles of jewellery and can be seen in various forms such as on a ring, earrings, bracelets, and necklaces. It can be created with precious or semi-precious stones, pearls, or enamel. It can be found in different forms such as engraved or inlaid or beaded.

In ceramics the pattern is often used in decorative pottery and porcelain pieces, such as vases, bowls, plates and figurines. The chevron pattern can be created by using different colored glazes or by hand-painting the design onto the piece. It is also commonly found in the form of embossing or intaglio in decorative ceramic objects. This pattern can be seen as a popular design choice in Art Deco and Art Nouveau style of ceramics.

This chevron pattern can also be found in many different types of furniture, such as tables, chairs, chests of drawers, and cabinets. A common place to find chevron pattern is in a herringbone pattern, which is made up of repeating V-shaped patterns. The chevron pattern can be created by using different types of wood, inlaying or by using different colors of stain. It is also commonly found in the form of a veneer. This pattern can be seen as a popular design choice in mid-century modern, Art Deco, and contemporary style furniture.

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Chiappone Grcic Konstantin

Chiappone Grcic Konstantin is a German mid-century furniture designer. He was born in Munich in 1930 and died in Berlin in 2015. His work is characterized by its use of simple geometric forms, clean lines, and high-quality materials. He was also one of the first designers to use new materials, such as plastic and metal, in his furniture.

Grcic's best-known designs include the "Mayday" lamp (1999), the "Myto" chair (2011), and the "OK" lamp (2016). His work has been featured in major design museums around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

Grcic's designs are known for their functionality, durability, and timeless style. They are also relatively affordable, making them accessible to a wide range of people.

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Chimento Jewellery Co

Chimento Jewellery Co. was founded by Adriano Chimento in Vicenza, Italy in 1964. Chimento was a visionary entrepreneur who was passionate about Italian goldsmithing and design. He wanted to create a jewellery company that would produce high-quality, stylish jewellery that was accessible to a wide range of consumers. The company soon established a reputation for its innovative designs and its use of high-quality materials.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Chimento began to expand its reach beyond Italy. The company opened boutiques in major cities around the world, and its jewellery became popular with celebrities and royalty alike.

Chimento has won numerous awards for its jewellery designs. In 2005, the company won the prestigious Diamonds International Award for its "Chimento d'Oro" collection. In 2010, Chimento was awarded the "Premio Nazionale dell'Artigianato" by the Italian government.

Chimento is a family-owned business, and it remains committed to the values of its founder. The company is committed to producing high-quality, stylish jewellery that is accessible to a wide range of consumers, and is sold in over 50 countries around the world. . The company's jewellery is designed and manufactured in Italy, and it uses only the highest quality Italian materials.

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China Head Dolls / Fashion Dolls

China head dolls, also known as fashion dolls, are a type of doll that originated in Germany in the mid-19th century. These dolls were made of bisque or china and had moulded hair, painted features, and cloth bodies. They were popular as playthings for young girls and were also used as fashion models, as their heads could be removed and replaced with different wigs, hats, and clothing. They are distinguishable from bebe dolls by their smaller heads and accentuated waists.

Companies that manufactured china head dolls included:

    Gebrüder Heubach - a German company that was one of the largest producers of china head dolls in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

•     Kestner - another German company known for its high-quality china head dolls.
•     Simon & Halbig - a German company that produced china head dolls with a wide range of sizes and features.
•     J.D. Kestner - a company established by the son of the founder of Kestner that also produced china head dolls.
•     Armand Marseille - a German company that produced a wide range of dolls, including china head dolls.
•     Jumeau - a French company that was famous for its bisque-headed dolls, including china head dolls.

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Chinese and Japanese Scholar's Stones

Chinese and Japanese scholar's stones, also known as scholar's rocks or gongshi in Chinese and suiseki in Japanese, are natural rocks or stones that are admired for their aesthetic and symbolic qualities. They have a long history in both Chinese and Japanese art and culture.

In China, the tradition of appreciating scholar's rocks dates back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), when they were first collected and displayed in gardens, courtyards, and indoor spaces. These rocks were often chosen for their unusual shapes, textures, and colors, and were regarded as miniature landscapes that could evoke a sense of tranquility and contemplation.

During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), the appreciation of scholar's rocks became more refined, and collectors began to display them on specially designed wooden stands, known as dai. These stands were often decorated with intricate carvings or inscriptions, and were intended to complement the beauty of the stones.

In Japan, the tradition of suiseki dates back to the 14th century, when Zen monks began to collect and display natural stones as objects of meditation and contemplation. These stones were often displayed on wooden stands or in specially designed alcoves, and were appreciated for their symbolic significance and natural beauty.

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Chinese Canton Porcelain

Chinese Canton porcelain, also known as Cantonware or Mandarin ware, is a type of Chinese export porcelain that was produced in the Guangzhou (Canton) region of China during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was primarily exported to the West, particularly to Europe and North America, and was highly prized for its intricate designs and high quality. The porcelain was made using a hard-paste porcelain recipe and was decorated using a variety of techniques, including hand-painting, transfer printing, and gilding. The designs often featured scenes from Chinese literature and history, as well as images of plants and animals. Canton porcelain was particularly popular during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and played a significant role in the development of the porcelain industry in China.

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Chinese Cizhou Wares

Cizhou ware is a type of Chinese pottery that was produced in the northern part of China during the Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties (10th-14th centuries). It is known for its simple, rustic style and is typically made from a dark-colored, coarse-grained stoneware. Cizhou ware is often decorated with geometric patterns, calligraphy, or figures, and was used for both everyday and ceremonial purposes. It is considered to be an important type of Chinese folk art.

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Chinese Clair De Lune Wares

"Clair de Lune" is a French phrase which means "light of the moon" and refers to a ceramic glaze of of a pale blue or lavender blue colour used on Chinese porcelain from the Kangxi period (1662 – 1722)

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Chinese Dehua / Blanc De Chine Ceramics

Dehua ceramics, also known as Blanc de Chine, are a type of porcelain that originated in the Dehua County of Fujian province in China. They have a long history, dating back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), but reached their peak of production and popularity during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties.

Dehua ceramics are known for their white color and delicate, smooth texture. They were primarily used for religious and ceremonial purposes, such as the production of statues of Buddhist deities and incense burners. They were also used to create a wide range of decorative items, including vases, bowls, and figurines.

Dehua ceramics were highly valued in China and were also exported to other parts of Asia, Europe, and the Americas. They were particularly popular in Japan and Southeast Asia, where they were used to decorate temples and palaces.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Dehua ceramics were widely considered to be the best quality porcelain in the world, and were highly sought after by European traders and collectors.

In the early 20th century, the demand for Dehua ceramics decreased and many of the kilns closed down, however, in recent years, some workshops have been reopened and production of Dehua ceramics has been resumed,

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Chinese Doucai Porcelain

Doucai porcelain painting is a technique of using multiple colors, including overglaze enamels, to decorate Chinese porcelain. The technique was first developed during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and became popular during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912).

During the early Ming dynasty, under the rule of the Hongwu Emperor (1368-1398), porcelain production was centered in the imperial kilns at Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province. The early products were primarily blue and white, but by the end of the Ming dynasty, under the rule of the Wanli Emperor (1573-1620), a multi-colored overglaze enamel technique known as "doucai" was developed.

During the Qing dynasty, doucai porcelain became particularly popular during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722), and the Yongzheng Emperor (1723-1735) and Qianlong Emperor (1736-1795), when many high-quality doucai porcelain pieces were produced for the imperial court and for export.

Doucai porcelain is considered to be a high-quality and valuable form of Chinese art, and the production of doucai porcelain declined after the fall of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century. Today, doucai porcelain pieces from the Ming and Qing dynasties are highly sought after by collectors and are considered to be important examples of Chinese ceramic art.

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Chinese Drum Stool

A Chinese drum stool is typically round in shape, resembling a small drum. They are mostly ceramic, and sometimes wooden and often intricately decorated with inlaid designs, or painted scenes or carvings. The drum stool has a flat top that serves as the seat and is commonly used in traditional Chinese homes, gardens, or temples> It is also used as a decorative item in homes or as a cultural symbol in Chinese-themed interiors.

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Chinese Export Porcelain

Chinese export porcelain refers to porcelain made in China specifically for export to other countries, beginning in the 16th century and continuing through the 19th century. The Chinese had been producing high-quality porcelain for centuries before this, but it was primarily for domestic use and the imperial court. With the opening of trade with the West, there was a growing demand for Chinese porcelain in Europe and the Americas.

During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722) in the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese government began to actively encourage the export of porcelain. Porcelain production centers were established in the city of Jingdezhen in southern China, which became known as the "porcelain capital" of China.

Chinese export porcelain was highly prized for its fine quality and intricate designs, and was often decorated with Western-style patterns and motifs such as landscapes, portraits, and armorial designs. The porcelain was shipped to Europe, the Americas, and other parts of Asia, and was used in a variety of ways, including for tableware, decorative objects, and dolls.

In the 19th century, the Chinese export porcelain industry faced increasing competition from European porcelain manufacturers, and eventually fell into decline.

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Chinese Fo Dogs

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Chinese Hu Vessels

The history of Chinese bronze Hu vessels spans over a thousand years, from the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). These vessels were a type of ritual bronze ware, and were often used in religious ceremonies, sacrifices, and banquets.

The Hu vessel typically has a bulbous body that narrows towards the top, with a flared mouth and a pair of handles on either side. The handles are often shaped like stylized animal heads, such as those of dragons, and are used for lifting and pouring the vessel. The body of the vessel is often decorated with intricate relief designs, which can include scenes of animals, human figures, and geometric patterns.

During the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE to 1046 BCE), bronze Hu vessels were mainly used for wine storage and serving, and were often decorated with relief designs featuring animals, birds, and insects. They were also used as burial objects for high-ranking members of society and were buried alongside the deceased to provide them with material goods in the afterlife.

In the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE), Hu vessels became more elaborately decorated and often featured scenes from mythology and legends. The handles of the vessels were also more ornate, and were often shaped like the heads of animals, such as dragons or tigers. During this period, the production of Hu vessels became more standardized, and they were made in a wider range of shapes and sizes.

In the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), bronze Hu vessels were often inscribed with calligraphic characters, indicating the name of the person who commissioned the vessel or the occasion for which it was made. The Han Dynasty saw a shift towards more elegant and refined designs, with Hu vessels becoming more slender and elongated, with less emphasis on decoration and more focus on form.

Throughout Chinese history, bronze Hu vessels were considered symbols of wealth and power and were often used as diplomatic gifts between rulers and officials. They also played an important role in the development of Chinese metalworking techniques, as artisans experimented with new forms, designs, and methods of casting.

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Chinese Kendi

A kendi, also known as a zhadou, is a traditional Chinese water vessel that is used for pouring water, tea, or other liquids. It is typically made of porcelain, although other materials such as stoneware or metal may also be used.

The kendi has a unique shape, with a spout at the front and a handle at the back. The body of the vessel is usually bulbous, and may be decorated with intricate designs and patterns. The spout is often curved or angled to make pouring easier, and the handle is designed to be comfortable to hold.

Kendis were used in a variety of contexts in traditional Chinese culture, including tea ceremonies, religious rituals, and everyday life. They were often produced in sets, with matching cups or other vessels.

The kendi continues to be produced and used in China and other parts of the world and may be displayed as a work of art, as well as being used for practical purposes such as serving tea or other beverages.

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Chinese Mallet Vase / Bottle Vase

The antique Chinese mallet vase, also known as a "bottle vase" or "meiping," has a long and rich history dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD). The mallet vase was originally used to hold wine, and its shape was based on the mallet used to pound rice into wine. During the Tang dynasty, these vases were made in a variety of materials, including porcelain, bronze, and earthenware.

In the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), the mallet vase became a popular form for ceramic artists, who decorated them with a wide range of designs, including landscapes, figures, and floral motifs. During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD), the mallet vase reached the peak of its popularity, and it became one of the most highly prized and collectible forms of Chinese ceramics.

Ming dynasty mallet vases were typically made of porcelain and decorated with intricate designs using cobalt blue underglaze or polychrome enamel overglaze. The designs often featured dragons, phoenixes, floral motifs, and scenes from literature and mythology.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912 AD), the mallet vase continued to be produced, but it was not as popular as it had been in previous dynasties. Qing dynasty mallet vases were typically decorated with more restrained designs and were often used for display rather than for practical purposes.

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Chinese Room Screens

Chinese room screens, are decorative objects that have a long history in Chinese art and culture. These screens are typically made of wood or bamboo frames covered with paper, silk, or other materials, and are decorated with intricate paintings, calligraphy, or relief carvings.

The tradition of using room screens in China dates back to the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), when they were first used as partitions to separate living areas within homes or outdoor spaces. During the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE), room screens became more elaborate and were often used to divide larger spaces, such as reception halls or imperial courts, into smaller, more intimate areas.

By the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), room screens had become an important component of interior decoration, and were often decorated with intricate paintings and carvings depicting landscapes, scenes from literature, or historical events. These screens were often used to create a sense of depth and perspective within a room, and could be used to convey different moods or themes depending on the occasion or season.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), room screens continued to be an important decorative element in Chinese interiors. They were often used in conjunction with other decorative objects, such as furniture, porcelain, and lacquer ware, to create harmonious and aesthetically pleasing living spaces.

Room screens are still produced by skilled artisans, who continue to use traditional techniques and materials to create screens that reflect the elegance and refinement of this ancient art form.

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Chinese Scholar's Brush Pots

Chinese scholar's brush pots, also known as brush holders, are decorative containers used to hold writing brushes. They have a long history in Chinese art and culture, dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD).

The earliest brush pots were made of jade or other precious materials, and were typically used by members of the imperial court or wealthy scholars. During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), brush pots became more widely used by scholars and artists, and were often made of porcelain, lacquer, or wood.

In the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD), the art of brush pot making reached its peak, with many elaborate and ornate examples being produced. These brush pots were often decorated with intricate designs, including landscapes, figures, and calligraphy.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912 AD), brush pots continued to be produced, but the style became more restrained and refined. Qing dynasty brush pots were often made of hardwoods such as rosewood or ebony, and were highly polished to bring out the natural beauty of the wood.

Chinese scholar's brush pots are highly valued as works of art. They continue to be produced today by skilled artisans who carry on the traditional techniques and styles of earlier periods. The brush pots not only served a functional purpose but also reflected the owner's appreciation of beauty, art and culture, and their status as a scholar.

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Chinese Scholar's Brush Rests

Chinese scholar's brush rests, also known as brush racks, are small, decorative objects used to hold writing brushes. They have a long history in Chinese art and culture, dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD).

The earliest brush rests were made of jade or other precious materials, and were typically used by members of the imperial court or wealthy scholars. During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), brush rests became more widely used by scholars and artists, and were often made of porcelain, lacquer, or wood.

In the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD), the art of brush rest making reached its peak, with many elaborate and ornate examples being produced. These brush rests were often decorated with intricate designs, including landscapes, figures, and calligraphy.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912 AD), brush rests continued to be produced, but the style became more restrained and refined. Qing dynasty brush rests were often made of hardwoods such as rosewood or ebony, and were highly polished to bring out the natural beauty of the wood.

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Chinese Scholar's Brush Washers

Chinese scholar's brush washers, also known as brush wash basins, are small, decorative objects used by scholars to wash their brushes. They have a long history in Chinese art and culture, dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD).

The earliest brush washers were made of jade or other precious materials, and were typically used by members of the imperial court or wealthy scholars. During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), brush washers became more widely used by scholars and artists, and were often made of porcelain, lacquer, or metal.

In the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD), the art of brush washer making reached its peak, with many elaborate and ornate examples being produced. These brush washers were often decorated with intricate designs, including landscapes, figures, and calligraphy.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912 AD), brush washers continued to be produced, but the style became more restrained and refined. Qing dynasty brush washers were often made of hardwoods such as rosewood or ebony, and were highly polished to bring out the natural beauty of the wood.

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Chinese Scholar's Ink Blocks, Ink Stones, and Ink

Chinese scholar's ink blocks, ink stones, and ink cakes are traditional tools used in Chinese calligraphy and painting. They have a long history in Chinese art and culture, dating back to ancient times.

Ink blocks and ink cakes, also known as inksticks, are made from soot and glue, and were originally used in conjunction with ink stones to grind the ink and create a smooth, flowing consistency. They are often decorated with intricate designs or inscriptions, and can be produced in a variety of colours, from black to shades of gray and brown. The earliest ink blocks were produced during the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), and were often made from animal bones or charred plant material. During the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), ink blocks became more widely used and were often decorated with intricate designs or inscriptions.

Ink stones are small, rectangular stones used to grind the ink block into a paste. They are typically made from fine-grained stone such as slate or marble, and often feature a shallow well to hold the water used in the grinding process. The earliest ink stones were produced during the Han dynasty, and were often made from ceramics or other materials.

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Chinese Scholar's Scroll Weights

Chinese scholar's scroll weights, also known as "paperweights" or "book weights," were used to keep scrolls and books open and prevent them from rolling or flipping closed. They were important tools for Chinese scholars, who spent many hours reading and writing.

The use of scroll weights dates back to the Tang dynasty (618-907), where they were made from a variety of materials, including bronze, jade, and other precious stones. During the Song dynasty (960-1279), scroll weights became more intricate and decorative, and were often made from gold or silver.

In the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), scroll weights became even more popular, and were often used as decorative objects in addition to their practical function. They were made from a variety of materials, including bronze, copper, silver, and gold. Many scroll weights were also decorated with elaborate designs and inscriptions, including poems, calligraphy, and auspicious symbols.

During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), scroll weights continued to be popular, and new materials such as porcelain, cloisonné, and jadeite were used to make them. Scroll weights during this period were often highly decorative, featuring intricate designs and scenes from Chinese mythology, nature, and everyday life.

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Chinese Scholar's Water Droppers

Chinese jade, glass, and ceramic water pots and water droppers have a long history in Chinese art and culture. They were used by scholars and artists during the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties as essential tools for calligraphy and painting.

They were designed to control the flow of water used for these activities, allowing the artist to achieve a variety of brush strokes and effects. To use a water dropper, the artist would fill the dropper with water from a water pot and then squeeze the dropper to release a controlled amount of water onto the ink stone, where it would be mixed with ink to create the desired consistency for calligraphy or painting. The dropper allowed the artist to precisely control the amount of water used, which was important for achieving the desired effects in their work.

Jade water pots and droppers were highly prized by the literati class due to the material's rarity and beauty. They were often carved with intricate designs and motifs, and were believed to have a cooling effect on the water used for calligraphy and painting. Jade water droppers were used to control the flow of water from the pot, allowing artists to achieve a variety of brush strokes and effects.

Glass water pots and droppers were introduced to China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), and quickly became popular due to their transparency and ability to showcase the beauty of the water. Glass water pots were often decorated with painted designs or carved motifs, and were highly valued for their delicate beauty.

Ceramic water pots and droppers were also commonly used by Chinese scholars and artists, and were available in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors. These pots were often decorated with painted designs or relief carvings, and were highly valued for their durability and functionality.

Water pots and droppers were not only functional tools, but also important objects of beauty in Chinese culture. They were often included in sets of scholar's objects, which were collections of decorative and functional objects used by scholars and artists for calligraphy, painting, and other intellectual pursuits.

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Chinese Scholar's Water Pots

Chinese jade, glass, and ceramic water pots and water droppers have a long history in Chinese art and culture. They were used by scholars and artists during the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties as essential tools for calligraphy and painting.

They were designed to control the flow of water used for these activities, allowing the artist to achieve a variety of brush strokes and effects. To use a water dropper, the artist would fill the dropper with water from a water pot and then squeeze the dropper to release a controlled amount of water onto the ink stone, where it would be mixed with ink to create the desired consistency for calligraphy or painting. The dropper allowed the artist to precisely control the amount of water used, which was important for achieving the desired effects in their work.

Jade water pots and droppers were highly prized by the literati class due to the material's rarity and beauty. They were often carved with intricate designs and motifs, and were believed to have a cooling effect on the water used for calligraphy and painting. Jade water droppers were used to control the flow of water from the pot, allowing artists to achieve a variety of brush strokes and effects.

Glass water pots and droppers were introduced to China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), and quickly became popular due to their transparency and ability to showcase the beauty of the water. Glass water pots were often decorated with painted designs or carved motifs, and were highly valued for their delicate beauty.

Ceramic water pots and droppers were also commonly used by Chinese scholars and artists, and were available in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors. These pots were often decorated with painted designs or relief carvings, and were highly valued for their durability and functionality.

Water pots and droppers were not only functional tools, but also important objects of beauty in Chinese culture. They were often included in sets of scholar's objects, which were collections of decorative and functional objects used by scholars and artists for calligraphy, painting, and other intellectual pursuits.

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Chinese Scholar's Wrist and Arm Rests

Chinese scholar's wrist and arm rests made of ivory, bamboo, and porcelain were important tools for calligraphy and painting, as well as for general writing and reading. They were designed to provide support and comfort to the writer's arm and wrist, allowing for steady and precise strokes.

Ivory wrist and arm rests were common during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties. They were often elaborately carved with intricate designs and scenes from Chinese mythology, nature, and everyday life. Ivory was considered a precious material, and the creation of ivory wrist and arm rests required a high degree of skill and craftsmanship.

Bamboo wrist and arm rests were also popular among Chinese scholars, particularly during the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties. Bamboo was a readily available material and was lightweight, durable, and easy to carve. Bamboo wrist and arm rests were often simple in design, with clean lines and minimal decoration.

Porcelain wrist and arm rests emerged during the Ming dynasty and were particularly popular among literati painters. Porcelain was a fragile material and was challenging to work with, but its smooth surface and delicate appearance made it an ideal material for wrist and arm rests. Porcelain wrist and arm rests were often decorated with colorful designs and motifs, and some were even inscribed with poetry or calligraphy.

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Chinoiserie

Furniture and decorative items decorated in imitation of a Western interpretation of the Chinese style. The Chinoiserie style first became popular in the late 17th century, though there were frequent revivals, notably by Chippendale (hence 'Chinese Chippendale') during the Regency period, and the Anglo-Japanese style in the second half of the 19th century.

The ubiquitous 'willow pattern' is the most common 'Chinese' theme used in porcelain, while on furniture the Chinoiserie style usually has black or red painted and lacquered decoration, though the hallmark of the furniture style is the use of fretwork in geometrical patterns, pagodas and other decorative forms.

Japonaiseries, as the name implies, are motifs in imitation of the Japanese taste.

See also "Chinese Chippendale".

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Chip Carving

Chip carving, also known as spoon carving is a traditional woodworking technique that involves removing small, V-shaped chips of wood from a flat surface using a carving knife. The technique is often used to create intricate geometric patterns and designs on wooden objects such as bowls, spoons, and boxes.

It is a form of relief carving, which means that the design is raised above the surface of the wood rather than being carved into it. It's a relatively simple technique that does not require a great deal of skill or experience, making it a popular choice for both beginners and experienced woodworkers.

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Chiswell Furniture

A furniture design and manufacturing firm with offices in Guildford NSW. Their timber furniture range covers Australian modernist styles to abbreviated period reproduction styles. Chiswell Bros. began in 1920 supplying furniture for Grace Bros. working with solid timber and veneers in period styles. Their range later sold to the major Sydney department stores.

Source: Design & Art Australia Online

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Chopard

Chopard is a prestigious Swiss luxury brand renowned for its exquisite jewellery, watches, and accessories. The company was founded in 1860 by Louis-Ulysse Chopard in the small town of Sonvillier, Switzerland. Initially, Chopard focused on creating precision pocket watches known for their exceptional quality and craftsmanship having observed that it was more profitable to market the finished watch than to just make the mechanical movement. Under the leadership of Louis-Ulysse Chopard's son, Paul-Louis Chopard, the company expanded its operations and relocated to the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1907. Chopard continued to thrive, gaining a reputation for producing high-quality timepieces that combined traditional watchmaking techniques with innovative designs.

In the 1960s, the company experienced a significant turning point when it was acquired by the Scheufele family, a family with a background in watchmaking and jewellery. Karl Scheufele III, a visionary and passionate entrepreneur, recognized the potential of Chopard and set out to elevate the brand's profile globally. Under the Scheufele family's stewardship, Chopard expanded its offerings beyond watches and ventured into the realm of fine jewellery. The company began creating stunning pieces that showcased exceptional gemstones, intricate designs, and exceptional craftsmanship. Chopard's jewellery collections encompass a wide range of styles, from classic and timeless designs to contemporary and avant-garde creations.

Happy Diamonds is a collection of jewellery created by Chopard in 1976. The collection features diamonds that are free to move within the jewellery, giving the appearance of dancing diamonds. The Happy Diamonds collection is known for its playful and elegant designs, and it has become one of Chopard's most popular collections. The Happy Diamonds collection is available in a variety of jewellery pieces, including rings, earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. The jewellery is made from a variety of materials, including gold, silver, and platinum.

Chopard is particularly known for its dedication to ethical sourcing and sustainability in the jewellery industry. The company launched its "Journey to Sustainable Luxury" initiative in 2013, which focuses on responsible sourcing of materials, ethical practices, and environmentally friendly production methods.

In addition to jewellery, Chopard has also made a name for itself as a renowned watchmaker. The company produces both classic and contemporary timepieces, including elegant dress watches, sophisticated complications, and iconic sports watches. Chopard watches are highly regarded for their precision, craftsmanship, and attention to detail.

Chopard remains a family-owned company, with Karl-Friedrich Scheufele and his sister, Caroline Scheufele, serving as co-presidents.

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Chris Pantano

Chris Pantano is an Australian glass artist based in New South Wales. He is known for his unique and intricate glass sculptures that are often inspired by the natural world, particularly marine life.

Born in Sydney in 1948, Pantano was a self taught artist who began working with glass in the 1970s and quickly developed a passion for the medium. He became a master craftsman, using kiln forming fusing casting and blowing techniques.. His first international exhibition was in Singapore in 1986 and he later exhibited in France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, New Zealand, Japan and North America.

Pantano's work often incorporates a variety of techniques, including blown glass, hot sculpting, and kiln casting. He is particularly skilled at creating intricate forms and patterns using cane and murrine, which are thin rods of colored glass that are fused together and then sliced to reveal intricate designs.

Chris Pantano retired in 2012 and passed away in 2021.

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Chris Weaver

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Christening and Baptismal Mugs and Cups

Christening and baptismal mugs and cups have been an important part of Christian traditions for centuries. They were first introduced in the 16th century as a way to celebrate the baptism of a newborn child. Christening mugs were typically made of silver and were highly ornate, featuring intricate designs and engravings.

During the Victorian era, christening and baptismal mugs became more popular and were often given as gifts to commemorate the baptism of a child. These mugs were made of a variety of materials including silver, pewter, and ceramics.

In the United States, Christening mugs were commonly given as gifts during the colonial period, with many being made of pewter. However, with the introduction of silver production in the US, silver became the material of choice for these mugs.

Christening mugs often featured biblical scenes, such as the baptism of Jesus, as well as images of the Virgin Mary and other religious figures. They were also sometimes inscribed with a biblical verse or the child's name and date of baptism.

In addition to christening mugs, christening cups were also popular during this time. Christening cups were smaller than mugs and were designed for the child to use, often featuring a lid or a spout to make drinking easier.

Today, christening and baptismal mugs and cups continue to be an important part of Christian traditions, with many families passing down these cherished items from generation to generation. While many modern christening mugs and cups are still made of silver, they are now also made of a variety of other materials, including glass and ceramic. They often feature modern designs and can be personalised with the child's name and other important details.

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Christening Sets

Silver Christening sets are a traditional gift given to commemorate the baptism or christening of a child. They typically consist of a cased knife, fork, and spoon, all made of silver. The design of these sets can vary greatly, from simple and understated to elaborate and ornate.

The handles of the utensils are usually engraved or decorated with intricate designs, such as floral patterns, animals, or religious symbols. They may also feature the child's name, initials, or date of birth.

The silver used in Christening sets is often sterling silver, which is a high-quality alloy that contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals, such as copper. This makes the silver more durable and resistant to tarnishing.

The cases for the utensils are typically made of wood, leather, or velvet and are designed to protect the silverware when not in use. The case may also be engraved or embroidered with the child's name or initials.

In addition to the knife, fork, and spoon, some Christening sets may also include other items, such as a napkin ring or a small bowl. These additional items may also be engraved or decorated to match the design of the utensils.

Christening sets are often passed down through families as heirloom gifts, and they are a popular choice for those looking for a traditional and meaningful present to give to a new baby.

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Christian Arnold

Christian Arnold is an Australian glass artist born on December 23, 1969, in Heidelberg, Germany. He moved to Australia with his family in 1985 and settled in Canberra, where he later studied at the Canberra School of Art at the Australian National University. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Glass in 1994 and has since become one of Australia's leading glass artists.

Arnold's work is known for its bright and vivid colors, as well as its use of abstract forms. He creates blown glass sculptures using various techniques such as fusing, slumping, and layering. Arnold's work often draws inspiration from nature and his own personal experiences.

His work has been featured in numerous solo and group exhibitions, including the prestigious Tom Malone Prize at the Art Gallery of Western Australia, where he won first prize in 2011. Arnold has also been a finalist for many other prestigious awards, including the Ranamok Glass Prize and the Waterhouse Natural History Art Prize.

His work can be found in many public and private collections around the world, including the National Gallery of Australia, the Corning Museum of Glass in New York, and the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington.

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Christian Dior

Christian Dior was a French fashion designer who founded the House of Dior in 1946. He was born in Granville, France, in 1905, and studied political science before turning to fashion design. His business was backed by Marcel Boussac a wealthy businessman, and although it bore the Dior name, ownership was in the hands of Boussac.

Dior's first collection, presented in 1947, was a sensation. It featured a new silhouette that emphasized the female form, with nipped-in waists and full skirts, and was dubbed the "New Look" by the fashion press. The collection was an instant success, and Dior's designs quickly became synonymous with elegance, luxury, and femininity.

Christian Dior died in 1957 and Yves Saint-Laurent was promoted too Artistic Director the same year. he was replaced by Marc Bohan in late 1960.

In 1978, the Boussac Group filed for bankruptcy and so its assets (including those of Christian Dior) were purchased by the Willot Group. After the Willot Group went into bankruptcy in 1981, Bernard Arnault and his investment group LVMH purchased it for "one symbolic franc" in December 1984.

Over the years, the House of Dior has expanded to include a wide range of products, including women's and men's fashion, accessories, jewelry, fragrance, and beauty products. Some of the most notable products and collections include:

•    Dior J'Adore fragrance: Introduced in 1999, J'Adore has become one of the most popular fragrances in the world. It features a blend of floral notes, including jasmine, rose, and ylang-ylang, and is presented in a signature amphora-shaped bottle.

•    Lady Dior handbag: First introduced in 1995, the Lady Dior is one of the brand's most iconic accessories. It features quilted leather, a top handle, and the brand's signature "D.I.O.R." charms.

•    Dior Homme: The brand's men's collection, introduced in 2000, features sleek and sophisticated designs, often with a minimalist aesthetic.

•    Rouge Dior lipstick: The brand's signature lipstick, Rouge Dior, was first introduced in 1953 and has since become a beauty classic. It is available in a wide range of shades and finishes, and is known for its long-lasting formula and luxurious packaging.

The House of Dior continues to be one of the most influential and respected fashion brands in the world, with boutiques in major cities around the globe. Dior's legacy as a fashion innovator and pioneer continues to inspire designers and fashion lovers alike.

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Christian Liaigre

Christian Liaigre was a French interior designer and furniture maker who was active from the mid-1980s to the early 2020s. He was known for his minimalist and restrained aesthetic, which often incorporated natural materials and neutral colors. Liaigre's work was influenced by the mid-century modern movement, as well as by Japanese minimalism.

Liaigre was born in La Rochelle, France, in 1949. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs. After graduating, he worked as an apprentice to the French furniture designer Pierre Paulin. In 1985, Liaigre opened his own design studio in Paris.

His furniture designs are characterized by their simple lines, clean forms, and use of natural materials. He often used wood, leather, and marble in his work. Liaigre's furniture is also known for its understated elegance and comfort. In addition to furniture design, Liaigre also designed interiors. He created interiors for homes, hotels, restaurants, and yachts. Liaigre's interiors are characterized by their simplicity, refinement, and use of natural light.

Liaigre's work has been exhibited in museums and galleries around the world. He has also received numerous awards for his work, including the Grand Prix National de la Création Industrielle in 1999.

Liaigre died in Paris on September 2, 2020, at the age of 77. He was a highly respected and influential designer whose work has had a lasting impact on the world of interior design.

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Christian Louboutin

Christian Louboutin is a French fashion designer known for his signature red-soled shoes, which have become an iconic symbol of luxury and glamour. He was born on January 7, 1964, in Paris, France, and was raised in a family of craftsmen and artists. Louboutin's interest in fashion and design began at a young age, and he enrolled in the Académie d'Art Roederer to study drawing and decorative arts. After completing his studies, he began his career as an apprentice at the Folies Bergère, a famous Parisian cabaret, where he honed his skills as a costume designer and showgirl shoe designer.

In 1991, Louboutin launched his own line of women's shoes, which were inspired by his love of art, travel, and the beauty of the female form. His designs quickly gained a following among fashion insiders, and he opened his first boutique in Paris in 1992. The brand's signature red soles were born out of Louboutin's desire to add a pop of color to his designs, and they have since become one of the most recognizable features of his shoes.

Over the years, Louboutin's brand has expanded to include a wide range of products, including handbags, cosmetics, and men's shoes. His designs have been worn by some of the world's most famous celebrities, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, and Jennifer Lopez.Despite his success, Louboutin has faced a number of legal challenges over the years. In 2011, he won a lawsuit against fashion house Yves Saint Laurent over the use of red soles on their shoes, which Louboutin argued infringed on his trademark.

Christian Louboutin is one of the most famous and influential designers in the world, with boutiques in major cities around the globe. His designs continue to be celebrated for their luxurious materials, expert craftsmanship, and striking beauty, and his iconic red-soled shoes remain a must-have accessory for fashion-forward women everywhere.

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Christine Boswijk

Christine Boswijk (née McDowell, born 1939) is a New Zealand ceramicist. She was born in Nelson, New Zealand, in 1939 and studied art at the University of Canterbury from 1957 to 1960, and then worked as a teacher for several years. In 1977, she enrolled in the Otago Polytechnic School of Fine Art, where she studied ceramics with Michael Trumic and Neil Grant.

After graduating from Otago Polytechnic, Boswijk returned to Nelson and became a full-time potter. Her early work was influenced by the Scandinavian design movement, and she produced functional ware with simple, elegant shapes. In the 1980s, her work became more sculptural and abstract, and she began to experiment with different glazes and firing techniques.

Boswijk's work is characterized by its expressive forms and rich, earthy colors. She often uses natural forms as inspiration, such as the nikau palm tree, which is native to New Zealand. Her work is also often infused with a sense of spirituality.

Boswijk has exhibited her work extensively in New Zealand and overseas. She has won numerous awards for her work, including the New Zealand Ceramics Award in 1984 and 1994. In 2004, she was made an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to ceramic art. Her works are held in institutions both in New Zealand and internationally including in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Dowse Art Museum, the Christchurch Art Gallery, the Suter Art Gallery, the Museum of Taipei and the Aberystwyth University ceramics collection.

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Christopher Dresser

Christopher Dresser (1834-1904) was a British furniture designer, botanist, and teacher. He is considered to be one of the most important figures in the Aesthetic Movement, a design style that emphasized beauty and functionality in everyday objects. Dresser was also a prolific writer, authoring several books on design and botany. He was a teacher at the South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum) in London, and his work had a significant impact on the development of design education in the late 19th century.

His pioneering furniture designs were heavily influenced by the Aesthetic Movement and he sought to create functional and beautiful objects for everyday use. His work was characterized by a strong emphasis on simplicity and geometric shapes. Dresser's designs were also heavily influenced by nature and botany, and many of his pieces featured floral and organic motifs.

He was one of the first designers to incorporate new materials such as cast iron and copper into his work. Dresser's designs were also characterized by a sense of restraint and simplicity, and many of his pieces were free of ornamentation. He believed that the beauty of a piece of furniture should come from its form and functionality, rather than from applied decoration.

His furniture designs were very popular during the later Victorian era, and his work had a significant influence on the development of the Arts and Crafts movement, as well as on the Art Nouveau movement. Today, his pieces are considered highly collectible, and examples of his work can be found in museums and private collections around the world.

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Christopher Guy

Christopher Guy Harrison (1963-2020) was a British furniture designer and founder of the luxury furniture brand Christopher Guy. He was known for his elegant and timeless designs, which were inspired by a mix of classic and modern styles. Harrison was born in London and grew up on the French Riviera. He was fascinated by design from a young age, and he spent his childhood sketching furniture and interiors. After studying interior design at the Inchbald School of Design in London, Harrison began working for a number of prestigious design firms.

In 1993, Harrison founded his own design studio, Christopher Guy. He quickly gained a reputation for his luxurious and sophisticated furniture designs. His pieces were featured in some of the world's most prestigious homes and hotels, including the Ritz Hotel in London, the Four Seasons Hotel in Paris, and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

Harrison's designs were characterized by their clean lines, attention to detail, and use of high-quality materials. He was particularly fond of using crystal, glass, and stainless steel in his pieces. His work was also influenced by his love of travel, and his designs often incorporated elements from different cultures and eras.

Harrison was a highly awarded designer. He won numerous awards for his work, including the British Interior Design Association's Outstanding Design Award and the Las Vegas Design Center's Design Icon Award. He was also a member of the British Society of Interior Designers and the American Society of Interior Designers.

Harrison passed away in 2020 at the age of 56. His legacy lives on through his company, which continues to produce high-quality luxury furniture.

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Christopher Sanders

Christopher Sanders is a potter who was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1952. He trained with his father, Tom Sanders, from 1971 to 1974, and then with Ian Sprague at Mungeribar Pottery from 1976 to 1978. In 1979, he went on a study tour of the United States, Canada, and England.

Sanders established his own studio in Clifton Hill, Melbourne in 1981, and has been working as a production potter ever since. He is known for his use of porcellanous stoneware, and his glazes are often inspired by the work of Chinese and Japanese potters. His work is characterized by its simple forms and elegant glazes.

In the 1990s, Sanders' work was exhibited in a number of solo and group exhibitions, including the Australian Ceramics Triennial in 1993 and 1997. He also received a number of awards, including the John Longstaff Memorial Award in 1991.

In addition to his work as a potter, Sanders has also taught ceramics at RMIT University and the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. He is currently a photographer of art objects, artists, and interiors.

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Chromolithograph

A chromolithograph is a type of print that uses multiple layers of color to create a detailed and vibrant image. The process was invented in the mid-19th century and quickly became popular for reproducing a wide variety of images, including advertisements, illustrations, maps, and art prints.

Chromolithography is a complex process that involves creating a separate stone or metal plate for each color in the image. The artist or printmaker first draws the image on a stone or metal plate using a greasy substance, such as a crayon or a wax-based ink. This image is then transferred to a separate plate for each color in the image. The plate is then coated with a thin layer of a light-sensitive substance, and then exposed to a light source. The light hardens the parts of the plate that are not covered by the image, creating a raised surface that will hold the ink.

Once the plates are ready, they are inked up with the corresponding color and printed one at a time, with each color being printed on top of the last. The process is repeated for each color, with the final image being made up of many layers of color.

It was widely used in the late 19th century and early 20th century for posters, postcards, advertising and illustrations in books and magazines. However, chromolithography has been largely replaced by modern printing techniques such as offset printing and digital printing, which are faster, cheaper, and more efficient. Today, chromolithography is mainly used for fine art prints and reproductions, as well as for creating limited-edition prints of historical or cultural significance

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Chronograph History

A chronograph is a type of watch that allows its wearer to measure elapsed time accurately. The history of chronographs can be traced back to the early 19th century when watchmakers began to develop timepieces that could measure elapsed time with greater precision.

The first known chronograph was developed by Nicolas Mathieu Rieussec, a French watchmaker, in 1821. Rieussec's chronograph was a mechanical device that used a pen to mark elapsed time on a rotating paper disk. The device was used primarily for timing horse races and was considered a significant technological advancement at the time.

In the years that followed, other watchmakers began to develop their own versions of the chronograph, each with unique features and capabilities. For example, in 1862, the Swiss watchmaker Edouard Heuer patented a new type of chronograph that used a rotating bezel to measure elapsed time, a design that is still used in modern watches today.

Over time, the chronograph became increasingly popular among athletes and pilots, who used the devices to measure elapsed time accurately during races and flights. During World War I, chronographs were used by military aviators to time bombing runs and other tactical maneuvers.

In the 1960s, the popularity of the chronograph skyrocketed when it became associated with the world of motorsports. Watches such as the Rolex Daytona and the Heuer Carrera became must-have accessories for race car drivers and enthusiasts, and their popularity has continued to this day.

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Chronographe Suisse Cie

Chronographe Suisse Cie was a Swiss watchmaker that operated from the 1940s to the 1970s. It was one of the largest suppliers of chronographs to the mainstream market during this time. They did not produce their own movements, but instead sourced them from other manufacturers, such as Landeron and Venus. This allowed the company to produce high-quality chronographs at a relatively affordable price.

Chronographe Suisse watches were known for their simple, yet elegant designs. They were also reliable and durable, making them popular with both casual and professional wearers. Some of the company's most popular models included the Chronographe Suisse 48, which featured a Landeron 48 movement, and the Chronographe Suisse 170, which featured a Venus Calibre 170 movement.

Chronographe Suisse watches were sold under a variety of brands, including Chrono Swiss, Chrono Suisse, Dreffa Geneve, and a number of lesser-known names. This can make it difficult to identify a Chronographe Suisse watch, as many of them do not have the company's name prominently displayed on the dial. However, there are a few telltale signs that can help you identify a Chronographe Suisse watch, such as the use of Landeron or Venus movements and the distinctive case design of some models.

The Quartz Crisis of the 1970s had a devastating impact on the Swiss watch industry, and Chronographe Suisse was no exception. The company was forced to close its doors in the late 1970s, but its watches remain popular among collectors.

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Church Stone

British West Country Garden Statuary that is made from the composition of sandstone, limestone, granite and Portland cement. It is often referred to as church stone by those involved with repairs & restoration of old churches and stately homes in the United Kingdom.

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Cigarette and Trade Cards

Cigarette trade cards were small collectible cards that were included in cigarette packs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a marketing tool by cigarette manufacturers to boost brand loyalty. These cards were issued in sets, and the earliest known set is from the 1880s. They featured a wide range of subjects, including sports figures, actresses, military leaders, and landscapes. The cards were so popular that they became a hobby for many people, who collected them and traded them with others. In the 1930's albums were prooduced for collectors to store and display their sets. The production of cigarette cards was eventually discontinued in the 1940s as the popularity of cigarettes began to decline.

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Cinnabar

Cinnabar is an intense deep red colouring agent that has been in use for thousands of years, derived from crystalised red mercuric suphide. It is made into a coating by grinding ore into a fine powder then mixing the powder with lacquer made from the sap of the Rhus tree, which grows in East Asia.

As applied to Oriental antiques, cinnabar refers to successive layers of laquer applied to the metal base of an object. Once the coating has dried and hardened, a further layer is applied. The layers continue to be applied until the thickness is 3 to 6 mm, and this may take up to 200 to 300 coats. At this stage, the surface is ready for the carving, that is characteristic of cinnabar items.

Because of the labour required, cinnabar items are usually small, such as vases, boxes, trays and snuff bottles.

However buyers should be aware that the cinnabar technique has been copied using modern plastic type materials that are moulded rather than carved. A close examination of a genuine cinnabar item under a strong magnifying glass or jewellers loupe should show evidence of the many layers that make up its thickness, and possibly tool marks left by the carver.

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Circa

A Latin term meaning 'about', often used in the antique trade to give an approximate date for the piece, usually considered to be five years on either side of the circa year. Thus, circa 1900 means the piece was made about 1900, probably between 1895 and 1905. The expression is sometimes abbreviated to c.1900.

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Cire Perdue

Cire perdue is the lost wax method of casting.

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Claire Jeanne Roberte Colinet

Claire Jeanne Roberte Colinet (1880–1950) was a French sculptor born in Belgium, active during the early-to-mid 20th century. While not much is known about her personal life, her artistic career spanned over 40 successful years.

Around 1910, Colinet relocated to Paris, France, where she studied sculpture under Jef Lambeaux. In 1913, she exhibited her work for the first time at the Salon des Artistes Francais and became a permanent member of the organization in 1929. She also participated in the Salon des Independents from 1937 to 1940 and joined the Union of Women Painters and Sculptors. Colinet primarily worked in the Art Deco style and created sculptures of odalisques, exotic dancers, jugglers, and cabaret artists.

A notable influence on her work was the Orientalism movement, which experienced a revival in Europe from the 1860s to the 1880s. Colinet often used bronze as her preferred casting material, although some of her most distinguished sculptures were chryselephantine, combining bronze and ivory.

Colinet frequently exhibited her sculptures at the Salon des Artistes Francais and Salon des Independents in Paris. Her pieces, which depicted beautifully crafted and dynamic female figures, continued to be showcased at the Paris Salon for nearly three decades after her death.

As a woman, Colinet was a minority in the field of sculpture during her time. Her best-known works predominantly featured Arab female dancers, and the majority of her sculptures can be classified as Art Deco style.

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Claret and Wine Jugs

Although wine had been decanted into jugs for centuries, claret and wine jugs, also known as wine ewers as we know them today, are a product of the Victorian era, first making an appearance in the late 1830s.

In the early 19th century the technique of glass manufacturing was developing, and instead of being delivered in casks, wine was now able to be bottled in uniform sized and shaped glass bottles at the end of the production process.

For presentation purposes on the dining table, the more formal claret jug was preferred over that of the factory produced bottle, and as the industrial revolution progressed, the increasing wealth of the upper and middle class led to increasing demand for claret jugs.

Some claret jugs are all silver, but the majority have a glass container with silver, silver plate or gilt mounts forming the top including the pouring spout and the handle.

The bowls of most claret jugs are clear glass, sometimes with engraved decoration with the vine being a common theme, which was often carried through to the shape of the handle. Other examples have wheel cut decoration with a hobnail cut or other geometric variation on this theme. However examples in coloured glass such as ruby, green, amethyst and blue are sometimes seen on the market, as well as rarer examples in cameo glass such as those by Thomas Webb & Co.

The simplest and most common shape of the bowls of claret jugs is of a tapering cylinder or a concave sided cylinder, but overall the range of shapes was only limited by the glass blower's imagination and the practicality of the shape.

Amongst the most collectable claret jugs are those made by London silversmith Alexander Crichton from the late 1870s. Based on the drawings of animals and birds in Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" Crichton created a series of whimsical designs including walrus, dodo, fish, squirrel, owls and penguin. Some of the Crichton jugs bear the hallmark of William Leuchars, a silver dealer with premises in London. Crichton had patented his designs and Leuchars purchased the rights to some of the designs.

The most famous silver claret jug is simply known as the "Claret Jug" and is awarded to the winner of the British Open golfing championship. It was first awarded in 1872 and this jug had the winner's name engraved on it until 1927, when a replacement was introduced which is used to the present day. As well as having his name engraved on the jug, the winner receives a replica of the jug to keep.

The peak period of popularity for claret jugs was 1840 to 1900 although they continued to be made in small numbers to the present time.

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Classic Carlectables

Classic Carlectables is an Australian toy company that specializes in creating high-quality die-cast model cars, founded in 1995. Initially, Classic Carlectables began by producing a range of 1:43 scale model cars that were based on classic Australian road cars, such as the Holden and Ford. These models were very popular with collectors and enthusiasts, and the company quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality models that were accurate to the real-life cars they were based on.

Over time, Classic Carlectables expanded their range to include other scales and types of cars, such as race cars and sports cars. They also began producing limited edition models and signed replicas, which were highly sought after by collectors. In 2005, Classic Carlectables was acquired by Biante Model Cars, another Australian die-cast model car company. Biante Model Cars continued to operate Classic Carlectables as a separate brand, and the company continued to produce high-quality die-cast model cars.

Today, Classic Carlectables is one of the most well-known and respected die-cast model car companies in Australia, with a wide range of models that appeal to both collectors and enthusiasts. Their models are known for their accuracy, attention to detail, and high-quality finish, and they continue to be popular with car enthusiasts all over the world. All items are produced in Limited Editions with numbered certificates of authenticity.

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Classicon Furniture

ClassiCon is a German furniture manufacturer that was founded in 1990. The company was established by Michael Thonet and Ulrich Hermann., who recognized the demand for well-crafted and timeless furniture inspired by the mid-century modern era.

The company collaborates with a diverse roster of renowned designers, including both established figures and emerging talents. Classicon has worked with notable names such as Eileen Gray, Eckart Muthesius, Herbert Hirche, and Konstantin Grcic, among others. These collaborations have resulted in the production of iconic designs that have stood the test of time.

The company's furniture is manufactured in Germany and Italy using traditional craftsmanship and ClassiCon is committed to using high-quality materials and construction methods. ClassiCon's furniture is designed to be both stylish and durable.

ClassiCon has a showroom in Munich, Germany, and its products are sold in over 50 countries worldwide. The company has won numerous awards for its furniture, including the Designpreis Deutschland and the Red Dot Award.

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Claude Michel Clodion

Claude Michel Clodion (1738 - 1814), known as Clodion, was a French sculptor in the Rococo style. He was born in Nancy, France, to a family of sculptors. His uncle, Lambert-Sigisbert Adam, was a well-known sculptor of the time, and Clodion trained in his workshop. In 1759, he won the Prix de Rome, which allowed him to study in Italy for four years.

While in Italy, Clodion was influenced by the art of ancient Greece and Rome. He also developed a keen interest in the work of Bernini, a leading Italian sculptor of the Baroque period.

After returning to France in 1763, Clodion quickly became one of the most popular sculptors in Paris. He was known for his graceful and sensual figures, which often depicted nymphs, bacchantes, and other mythological figures. He also produced a number of portrait busts, including one of Voltaire.

Clodion's work was highly sought-after by collectors, and he was commissioned to create sculptures for a number of important patrons, including the Prince de Conti and Catherine the Great of Russia. Some of his most famous works include Nymph with a Shell, Bacchante with a Goat, Faun and Nymph, Voltaire, Relief on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel,

In the later years of his career, Clodion's style became more Neoclassical. He produced a number of large-scale public monuments, including a relief for the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris.

Clodion died in Paris in 1814. He is considered one of the most important sculptors of the Rococo period.

Clodion's work is characterized by its graceful curves, delicate details, and sensuality. He was a master of terracotta, and his sculptures in this medium are particularly prized. His work is still highly admired today, and it can be found in museums and private collections around the world.

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Claymore Swords

Claymore swords are large, two-handed swords that originated in Scotland during the medieval period. The name "claymore" comes from the Scottish Gaelic "claidheamh-mór," which means "great sword." These swords were used by Scottish Highlanders during the late medieval and early modern period, primarily in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The claymore sword had a distinctive cross-hilt design, with quillons (crossguard) that arced downward, and a wheel pommel. It is believed that the sword's design was influenced by the two-handed swords used by the Vikings and Normans.

These swords were primarily used for hand-to-hand combat in battle, but were also used for ceremonial purposes. They were popular among the Scottish clan system, and were used by the clan chiefs and their followers. The swords were also used by Scottish soldiers who fought for the French and Swedish armies in the 17th century.

Claymore swords were phased out of use in the late 17th and 18th century, as firearms became more prevalent in warfare. However, they have since become an important symbol of Scottish heritage and culture

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Clement Meadmore

Clement Meadmore (1929-2005) was an Australian-American artist, sculptor, and furniture designer. He was born on February 9, 1929, in Melbourne, Australia. He completed his Bachelor of Arts in Industrial Design from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1951.

Meadmore began his career as a designer, working for a Melbourne-based furniture manufacturer. In 1953, he moved to Sydney and started his own design studio, which produced innovative furniture designs. His work was soon recognized for its modernist approach and he gained a reputation as one of Australia's leading furniture designers.

In 1963, Meadmore moved to New York City to pursue a career in sculpture. His early works were inspired by the minimalism and abstractionism of the time. He quickly gained recognition for his large-scale outdoor sculptures, which often featured geometric shapes and bold lines.

One of Meadmore's most famous works is the massive steel sculpture "Upstart II," which stands at the entrance of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. Other notable sculptures include "Blade," located at the University of Houston in Texas, and "The Curl," located in front of the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center.

Throughout his career, Meadmore was also a prolific furniture designer, creating chairs, tables, and other pieces with clean, modern lines. His furniture designs were featured in several museum exhibitions, including a retrospective at the National Gallery of Victoria in 1999.

Meadmore was a member of the American Abstract Artists group and the International Sculpture Center. He received numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966 and an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1995.

Clement Meadmore passed away on April 19, 2005, in New York City, at the age of 76. His legacy lives on through his sculptures and furniture designs, which continue to inspire and captivate art lovers around the world.

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Cloisonne

Cloisonne is an enamelling technique in which the pattern is formed by wires soldered to the surface of the object to be decorated, which is usually made from copper, forming cells or cloisons, each of which holds a single colour of enamel paste which is then fired, and ground and polished.

The champleve technique also uses an enamelling technique, but the cells are formed by carving into the surface ot the object, or in the casting.

The cloisonne technique has been in use since the 12th century BC in the west, but the technique did not reach China until the 13th or 14th century. It became popular in China in the 18th century. Initially bronze or brass bodies were used, and in the 19th century copper, at which time the quality of th eitems produced began to decline.

Chinese cloisonné is the best known enamel cloisonné, though the Japanese produced large quantities from the mid-19th century, of very high technical quality.

In the west the cloisonne technique was revived in the mid 19th century following imports from China, and its use continued in the Art Nouveau and Art Deco periods.

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Close Plate

Generally made in Birmingham in the 18th century and the first half of 19th century, close plate consists of silver foil soldered onto a steel base that had been dipped into tin, and was used for items such as candle snuffers, knife blades, buckles and spurs requiring greater strength than fused plate. With advances in technology, the process was obsolete by the mid 19th century.

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Close Plated (silver Plating)

Close plating is a process where a very thin layer of silver is deposited onto a base metal, usually using an electrolytic process, but sometimes electroless as well. The thickness of the silver coating is usually between 0.05 and 0.1 microns. It is used to enhance the appearance of the base metal.

It is similar to the process of silver plating, where a thin layer of silver is deposited onto a base metal using an electrolytic process. This process is also generally used to improve the appearance of the base metal or to protect it from tarnishing. The thickness of the silver coating can vary depending on the application, but it is usually between 0.25 and 2 microns.

Close plating and silver plating are similar processes in that they both involve coating an object with a thin layer of silver. However close plating applies a much thinner layer of silver. The term "close" is used because the layer of silver is so thin that the base metal color is still visible through it.

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Cloth Doll / Rag Doll

In Europe, dolls made of

cloth and rags were popular among children during the Middle Ages. These dolls

were often made by mothers or grandmothers for their children and were often

simple in design, with little or no facial features.

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Coach (handbags and Purses)

Coach is an American luxury fashion brand that is best known for its designer handbags and purses. The company was founded in 1941 by Miles Cahn and his wife Lillian in New York City. Originally, Coach was a small workshop that produced high-quality leather goods, such as wallets and billfolds, using traditional leatherworking techniques.

In the early 1950s, Miles Cahn noticed that the leather used in baseball gloves became softer and more supple with use. He began to experiment with this leather, which led to the development of a new leather treatment process that made the leather more durable and softer to the touch. This innovation helped to establish Coach as a leading brand in the luxury leather goods industry.

In 1961, Cahn hired Bonnie Cashin, a well-known fashion designer, to create a new line of handbags for the company. Cashin's designs were a departure from the traditional styles that Coach had been producing, and her use of bright colors and unique hardware helped to establish Coach as a fashion brand as well as a maker of high-quality leather goods.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Coach continued to expand its product line and increase its presence in the luxury fashion market. The company introduced new styles of handbags and purses, as well as other leather goods such as belts and gloves. In 1985, Coach went public and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Coach continued to grow and expand its product line. The company began to focus more on international markets, opening stores in Asia, Europe, and other regions around the world. Coach also expanded into other areas of fashion, such as footwear and clothing.

In 2017, Coach acquired the luxury fashion brand Kate Spade and later that same year, it acquired Stuart Weitzman, a high-end footwear brand. The acquisitions helped to solidify Coach's position as a major player in the luxury fashion industry.

Coach is now a global fashion brand with stores in over 50 countries. The company continues to be known for its high-quality leather goods, and its handbags and purses remain some of the most popular and recognizable fashion accessories in the world.

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Coade Stone

Coade stone is a type of artificial stone that was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was invented by Eleanor Coade, who ran a factory in London that produced the stone. The stone was made by mixing together finely ground quartz, kaolin, and feldspar with a binder, such as lime. The mixture was then molded into shape and fired at a high temperature to produce a hard, durable material.

The stone was prized for its durability and resistance to weathering, making it ideal for use in architectural elements such as columns, cornices, and balustrades. It was also used to create decorative sculptures and garden ornaments. The stone was used in many prestigious buildings including the Royal Opera House, the Bank of England and Lambeth Palace.

Coade stone was also used to make a variety of decorative items such as vases, urns, and statues. It was highly prized for its ability to be shaped and sculpted into intricate designs, and was also known for its ability to imitate other types of stone.

The Coade stone factory closed in 1833, but the techniques and formulas used to make it were kept secret, so it was not possible to replicate it.

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Coade Stone

Coade stone was the most famous of all the artificial stones popular at the end of the 18th century, because it had a very fine, hard finish, which resisted London 's acid rain and outlived natural stones. As well, it was cheaper than real stone, and could be used to make architectural embellishments, statuary and ornaments that retained their definition. It was made by the remarkable entrepreneur Eleanor Coade in a factory in Lambeth in the late 18th century. The factory closed in the early 19th century, but the manufacturing process has been revived in a new business bearing the same name in the late 20th century.

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Coal Boxes and Coal Scuttles

Coal boxes and coal scuttles

are both used for storing and transporting coal, which was a primary source of

fuel for heating homes and buildings in Britain until the mid 20th

century.

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Coalport and Coalbrookdale Porcelain

Coalport porcelain was first produced in 1795 by John Rose, who established a porcelain factory in Coalport, Shropshire, England. The company quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality porcelain with intricate designs and fine craftsmanship. In 1814, the Coalport factory was purchased by William Pountney, who expanded the business and increased production. During the 19th century, Coalport porcelain was highly sought after and exported to many countries. The company continued to produce porcelain chaning hands a number ot times, before it became part of the Wedgwood group in 1967.

Coalbrookdale porcelain, on the other hand, was produced by the Coalbrookdale Company, which was located in Coalbrookdale about 6 km from Coalport. The company was founded in 1795, the same year as Coalport porcelain. Coalbrookdale porcelain was known for its fine figurines and other decorative items, and the company was particularly noted for its high-quality casting techniques. The Coalbrookdale Company was active until the 1850s, when the company went out of business.

Both Coalport and Coalbrookdale porcelain are considered valuable by collectors

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Cobridge Stoneware

Cobridge Stoneware is a pottery company located in Stoke-on-Trent, England. The company was founded in 1973 by designer and potter, Jonathan Plant, and his partner, the artist and sculptor, Rachel Bishop. The company's name is derived from the Cobridge area of Stoke-on-Trent, where it is located. The pottery was established with the aim of reviving the traditional craft of salt-glaze pottery, which had declined in popularity in the 20th century. The company's early production focused on functional tableware, such as plates, bowls, and jugs, which were produced using traditional techniques and materials.

In the 1980s, the company began to experiment with new glazes and decoration techniques, producing more decorative and sculptural pieces. They also began to collaborate with other artists and designers, such as the sculptor, Kate Malone, and the designer, John Ward.

Cobridge Stoneware has since become known for its innovative and unique approach to ceramics. They use a range of techniques, including hand-thrown, hand-built, and press-moulded methods, and often incorporate found objects and other materials into their work.

The company has won numerous awards and accolades for its ceramics, including the prestigious Queen's Award for Export in 2002. Cobridge Stoneware's work can be found in museums and galleries around the world, and is highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts alike.

In 2018, Jonathan Plant passed away, but the company continues to operate under the direction of Rachel Bishop and a team of skilled potters and designers.

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Codd Bottles

Codd bottles were a type of carbonated drink bottle that were popular in Australia and other countries in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The bottles were named after their inventor, Hiram Codd, who patented the design in England in 1872.

Codd bottles were designed to keep carbonated drinks fresh and fizzy, even when they were opened. The bottle had a unique design that included a marble or glass ball inside the neck of the bottle. When the bottle was filled, the ball would sit on a rubber seal, preventing the gas from escaping. To open the bottle, the consumer would push down on the ball, which would break the seal and release the gas.

In Australia, Codd bottles were first introduced in the 1870s and quickly became popular with local soft drink makers. The bottles were often embossed with the name of the soft drink maker, and some had colourful designs or advertising slogans printed on them.

Codd bottles were used for a variety of carbonated drinks, including ginger beer, lemonade, and soda water. They were particularly popular in rural areas, where glass bottles were harder to come by and the unique design of the Codd bottle made it easier to transport and store carbonated drinks.

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Coffee Biggin

A biggin, also known as a coffee biggin, is a type of coffee brewer that is composed of two chambers, one above the other. The top chamber holds the ground coffee, and the bottom chamber holds the brewed water. A removable filter, typically made of metal, separates the two chambers. The coffee is brewed by pouring hot water into the top chamber, and the liquid coffee then drips through the filter into the bottom chamber. The coffee can then be poured from the bottom chamber into a cup or pot to be served. The Biggin was mainly used in 19th century, and largely replaced by other coffee brewing techniques such as the French press and the drip brew.

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Coffee Can

A coffee can is a cup for holding coffee, but of a cylindrical shape rather than the waisted shape of traditional cups. They were in use at the end of the 18th century and in the early 19th century.

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Coffee Pots

Before the invention of the dripolator, percolator and the expresso machine, the roasted and ground coffee beans were placed in a pot, and hot water was added, to infuse the water with the coffee. After the coffee had brewed it was ready for pouring, a similar process to that used to make tea now.

It was not until the invention of the percolator in the late 19th century, that use of the coffee pot began to decline.

From the early 18th century to the end of the 19th century, coffee pots were produced in silver, silver plate and by most of the major ceramics producers who produced dinnerware, including Wedgwood, Royal Worcester and Belleek.

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Coffer

An antique coffer is a type of chest or box that is used for storage and dates back to ancient times.

In medieval times, coffers were used as a form of furniture and were placed in churches, castles, and manors. They were used to store valuable items such as documents, money, and jewellery. They were also used as a seating area, as the lid could be opened and used as a seat.

The term "coffer" is derived from the Latin word "cofia" which means "basket" and they were used for storing clothes and other personal items They were typically made of wood, oak, walnut, and pine. Oak was a popular choice for its durability, strength and resistance to decay. It was also used for its decorative properties as the wood grain can be very attractive. Walnut was also a desirable wood, as it was harder, more durable and more expensive than oak. Pine was also used, as it was a cheaper alternative to oak and walnut, but it was less durable.

Decorations on antique coffers varied depending on the time period and region in which they were made. In medieval times, intricate carvings were a common form of decoration. These carvings could include geometric patterns, religious symbols, or scenes from mythology or daily life. Inlay was also a popular decoration technique, where small pieces of wood, bone or metal were set into the surface of the coffer to create patterns or pictures. Gilding was sometimes used to embellish the coffer, typically on the raised areas of the carvings.

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Coiffeuse

A coiffeuse is the French term for a dressing table.

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Colin Heaney

Colin Heaney (1946-2013) was an Australian glass artist who made significant contributions to the development of the contemporary glass art movement in Australia. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria and studied ceramics and sculpture at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.

In the late 1970s, Heaney began experimenting with glass as a medium for his artistic expression. He was drawn to the transparency, luminosity, and fluidity of glass, and quickly became known for his innovative use of the material. Heaney's work was characterized by its bold, abstract forms, and his masterful control of color and texture.

Over the course of his career, Heaney created a wide range of glass art, including sculptures, vessels, and installations. He often collaborated with other artists, designers, and architects on large-scale commissions and public art projects. He was also a passionate teacher, sharing his knowledge and expertise with generations of aspiring glass artists.

Heaney's work has been exhibited in galleries and museums around the world, including the National Gallery of Australia, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Corning Museum of Glass in New York. He was the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the Australia Council Visual Arts Board Emeritus Award in 2001.

Heaney is one of the most important figures in the history of Australian glass art.

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Commedia Dell'arte

Commedia dell'arte is a form of theater that began in Italy in the 16th century. The characters in Commedia dell'arte are stock characters, meaning they are recurring characters with distinct personalities, costumes, and masks. They have been reproduced in artworks and porcelain and glass figures produced from the 16th to the 20th century.. Some of the most famous Commedia dell'arte figures include:

•     Harlequin, a clever and mischievous servant who wears a multicolored costume and a half-mask
•     Colombina, a clever and flirtatious maid who serves as Harlequin's partner
•     Pantalone, a wealthy and miserly old merchant who is often the father of one of the other characters
•     Il Dottore, a pretentious and learned man who is often the object of comedy
•     Il Capitano, a braggart soldier who is often portrayed as a buffoon
• ?Il Zanni, a simple and humorous peasant who is often the servant of one of the other characters

Compagnie Industrielle De Jouet (cij)

The Compagnie Industrielle du Jouet (CIJ), which translates to the Industrial Toy Company, was a prominent French toy manufacturer that played a significant role in the toy industry from the early 20th century until the mid-1960s. CIJ was founded in 1920 by Fernand Migault in Paris, France. The company initially focused on producing tinplate toys, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and trains. CIJ established a reputation for its high-quality craftsmanship, attention to detail, and innovative designs, becoming one of the leading manufacturers of tin toys in France.

During the 1920s and 1930s, CIJ experienced substantial growth and success. The company expanded its product range to include a wide variety of toys, ranging from vehicles to mechanical toys and dolls. CIJ's toys were known for their durability, vibrant colors, and intricate detailing, capturing the imagination of children and collectors alike. In the 1930s, CIJ introduced a significant innovation in the toy industry by incorporating clockwork mechanisms into their toys. This allowed their vehicles and other mechanical toys to move independently, adding a new level of realism and playability to their products.

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 impacted CIJ's production, as the company shifted its focus to supporting the war effort. Instead of toys, CIJ began manufacturing military equipment and components for the French armed forces. However, after the war, the company resumed toy production and continued to enjoy success. In the post-war period, CIJ faced increasing competition from other toy manufacturers, particularly those utilizing new materials such as plastic. To adapt to changing market demands, CIJ began incorporating plastic elements into its toy designs while still retaining its renowned craftsmanship.

Despite its efforts to adapt, CIJ faced financial difficulties in the 1960s. The company was eventually acquired by the French toy company Norev in 1965, marking the end of the CIJ brand. Norev continued to produce toys under the CIJ name for a short period before eventually phasing it out.

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Compass

There are several types of compasses, including:

•     Magnetic compasses, which use the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction
•     Gyroscopic compasses, which use the principle of gyroscopic precession to determine direction
•     GPS compasses, which use GPS signals to determine direction
•     Optical compasses, which use a sighting mechanism to determine direction by aligning an object with a fixed point.

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Cone

A cone finial on a silver jug.

A popular decorative motif based on the shape of the pine cone, and used in silver ceramics and furniture. Because of its shape it is most suitable for use as a finial.

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Congreve Clocks

Congreve clocks were invented by William Congreve, an English inventor and military engineer, in the early 19th century. They were known for their accuracy and reliability, and were used as timekeepers in naval and military applications. The clocks used a balance wheel escapement and a temperature-compensated balance spring, which helped to ensure their accuracy in varying temperatures. Congreve clocks were also used in scientific and astronomical applications, as well as in some civilian settings. They were highly sought after and were considered a significant technological advancement at the time. Congreve clocks were in use until the late 19th century, when they were replaced by more accurate and reliable timekeeping devices.

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Conklin Pens

The Conklin Pen Company was founded in 1898 in Toledo, Ohio, by Roy Conklin. Initially, the company produced mechanical pencils and dip pens, but in 1901, Conklin introduced its first fountain pen, the Crescent Filler.

The Crescent Filler was unique because it featured a crescent-shaped filling mechanism that was easy to use and prevented ink spills. The user would simply turn the crescent knob on the pen to draw ink into the barrel, and then turn it again to expel excess ink and create a vacuum seal.

The Crescent Filler was an instant success and became one of Conklin's most popular pens. It was so popular that it was used by Mark Twain, who famously endorsed the pen, saying that it was "the only pen that can write upside down".

Conklin continued to innovate and improve its fountain pens over the years, introducing new designs and filling mechanisms. In 1916, Conklin introduced the Endura, which featured a transparent barrel that allowed users to see the ink level. In 1923, Conklin introduced the Nozac, which had a transparent barrel and a piston-filling mechanism.

During the 1920s and 1930s, Conklin was one of the largest and most successful fountain pen manufacturers in the United States, but the company struggled during the Great Depression and production ceased in the 1950s.

In the 2000s, the Conklin brand was revived making pens based on the original designs. In 2009 this new entity was in turn purchased by the mighty Yafa Brands which began producing new Conklin fountain pens based on the company's classic designs.

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Contrepartie

In marquetry work, when two sheets of material are temporarily held together, and then a design is cut out, there are two versions of the design, the original, known as the partie, and the design remaining, known as the contrepartie.

Usually the contrasting designs, say it is a door panel, are used on a first and second object, so that while the pattern matches, the materisl do not.

Coogans Furnishings

Established in 1876 in Launceston, Tasmania by upholsterer William Coogan, Coogans was a furniture manufacturing and retailing business. Over the following four decades, the business experienced significant growth, establishing factories in Hobart and Launceston, as well as retail outlets in Hobart, Launceston, Burnie, and Ulverstone. At the height of its prosperity, Coogan's proudly declared itself as the 'largest furniture warehouse and manufacturer' in Australia. By the early 1920s, it stood as one of Tasmania's major employers, boasting a workforce of 376.

However the company faced challenges from the mid-1920s, due to economic downturns, the impact of the Second World War, and ultimately, competition from mass production. These factors led to the closure of factories and the Burnie and Ulverstone stores during the 1950s. Despite these setbacks, Coogan's persevered, opening a furniture store in Moonah in 1964. Unfortunately, the Launceston store shut its doors in 1978, leaving only the Hobart and Moonah retail establishments to mark the firm's 120th anniversary in 1996. In 2019, the business finally closed after 150 years of operation.

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Copeland & Garrett

Copeland & Garrett was a British ceramics manufacturer that was active from 1833 to 1847. The company was founded by Spode Copeland and William Garrett and was based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. They were known for producing high-quality earthenware and porcelain, including figurines, vases, and tableware. Copeland & Garrett's ceramics were highly sought after and were often decorated with intricate designs. The company was eventually merged with Spode, another well-known ceramics manufacturer based in Stoke-on-Trent.

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Coralene

Coralene is a glass decoration technique that was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It involves fusing small glass beads or "coral beads" onto the surface of a glass object. The beads, which are usually made from colored glass, are applied to the surface of the glass in a decorative pattern and then fused onto the glass using heat.

Coralene decoration was often used to decorate vases, bowls, and other decorative glass objects. The technique was particularly popular in Europe and the United State, where it was used to create a wide range of decorative glass objects, including table lamps, candlesticks, and perfume bottles.

The coral beads used in coralene decoration are typically small, round, and brightly colored. They are often arranged in intricate patterns, such as flowers or geometric designs. The beads can be fused onto the glass using different techniques, such as painting the beads onto the surface of the glass and then fusing them, or by attaching the beads to the glass using a hot iron.

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Cordial Glasses

Cordial glasses have been in use since at least the 17th century. They became popular in the 18th century, when the practice of serving liqueurs after meals began to become more widespread in Europe. Cordial glasses were typically made of crystal or glass, and were often intricately engraved or decorated. They were used in the courts of European nobility and the wealthy upper classes, and were considered a symbol of elegance and refinement.

During the 19th century cordial glasses were still in use and were produced in mass by glassmakers, as a result, many cordial glasses from this era can be found today.

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Corkscrews

Cork seals have been topping bottles of wine since the early 1700s, at the same time of the proliferation of glass bottles for storing wine. The history of collecting corkscrews can be traced back to the 19th century, when corkscrews began to be produced in large numbers due to the growing popularity of wine. The earliest corkscrews were simple devices, such as the T-shaped corkscrew and the basic worm corkscrew, which were used to extract cork stoppers from bottles.

As the popularity of wine grew, so did the diversity of corkscrew designs. In the late 19th century, more elaborate corkscrews began to appear, including folding corkscrews, lever corkscrews, and combination corkscrews that incorporated other tools such as knives and bottle openers.

The first known corkscrew collector was Henry Bouchet, a Frenchman who amassed a collection of over 3,000 corkscrews in the early 20th century. Bouchet's collection inspired other collectors to pursue corkscrews as a hobby, and by the mid-20th century, there were several hundred collectors worldwide.

In the 1970s and 1980s, interest in corkscrew collecting surged, as collectors began to appreciate the historical and artistic value of corkscrews. Many collectors focused on specific types of corkscrews, such as those made from silver, ivory, or unusual materials.

Despite many wine bottles now having screw top closures, corkscrew collecting remains a popular hobby. The most valuable corkscrews are those that are rare or unusual, such as those with elaborate designs or those that incorporate unusual materials. Corkscrew collecting has become a specialized field, with collectors publishing books and articles on the subject and developing online communities to share information and trade corkscrews.

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Corner Chairs

Corner chairs were popular in the 18th and 19th century and is a type of chair that is designed to fit into the corner of a room. These chairs were typically made of mahogany, walnut or oak, and were often ornately carved and decorated. They typically have a high back and armrests that curve outwards to form the "corner" of the chair. The seats of 18th and 19th century corner chairs were often upholstered in velvet or other luxurious fabrics.

In the 18th century, corner chairs were typically designed in the Rococo style, which was characterized by curving lines, asymmetrical designs, and ornate decorations such as scrolls, shells, and foliage. These chairs were often gilded or painted in bright colors.

In the 19th century, corner chairs were typically designed in the Neoclassical or Victorian styles. The Neoclassical style was characterized by simpler, more geometric designs, and often featured motifs from ancient Greece or Rome. Victorian corner chairs, on the other hand, were typically more ornate and heavily decorated, with a variety of different materials and textures used to create a sense of opulence.

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Cornishware

Cornishware is a brand of pottery made by T. G. Green & Co., England. It is known for its distinctive blue and white striped design, which was first introduced in 1924. Cornishware is made from high-quality earthenware clay and is fired at a high temperature, making it durable and chip-resistant.

Cornishware was created by Thomas Goodwin Green, who founded T. G. Green & Co. in 1864. Green was inspired by the traditional pottery of Cornwall, which was known for its simple and functional designs.

The first Cornishware range was introduced in 1924 and was initially called "Cornish Kitchen Ware". The range was a huge success, and Cornishware quickly became one of the most popular brands of pottery in Britain. Cornishware was particularly popular with working-class families, who appreciated its durability and affordability.

In the 1930s, Cornishware began to be exported to other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. It became popular all over the world for its classic design and durability.

In the 1960s, Cornishware was given a modern makeover by the designer Judith Onions. Onions introduced new patterns and colors, and she also updated the shape of some of the pieces. The new Cornishware range was very popular, and it helped to introduce Cornishware to a new generation of customers.

In 2007, T. G. Green & Co. ceased production of Cornishware. However, the brand was revived in 2009 by a new company which carried forward the company name, T. G. Green & Co., which is now based in Somerset, England. Cornishware is still made using the same traditional methods as it was in the 1920s, and it is still one of the most popular brands of pottery in Britain.

Today, Cornishware is available in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and patterns. It is also available in a variety of different colors, including blue, white, green, and yellow. Cornishware is still popular with both families and businesses, and it is known for its durability, affordability, and classic design.

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Cornucopia

The cornucopia, literally the horn of plenty, is a symbol of abundance and wealth. It is traditionally is represented by a curved goat horn overflowing with grain and fruit.

Modern cornucopias are often depicted as horn-shaped baskets filled with food, and this symbol is often associated with the harvest. This decorative device has a long and ancient history, with roots in Greek mythology.

In one version, when Zeus was playing with the goat Amalthea he accidentally broke off one of her horns. To atone for this, Zeus promised Amalthea that the horn would always be full of whatever fruits she desired. This became the cornucopia of the Roman goddess Copia, the personification of plenty. Other goddesses, including Fortuna and Pax, also held the cornucopia.

In furniture and decorative arts, cornucopia as a decorative element have been popular since the 16th century and can be found on items as diverse as light fittings and candelabra to clocks, sculpture and statuary and furniture.

In ceramics, cornucopia shaped vases were popular in the 19th century, in singles and pairs.

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Corum

Corum is a Swiss luxury watchmaker known for its distinctive and often innovative timepieces. The company was founded in 1955 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by René Bannwart and his uncle Gaston Ries. The company's name is derived from the Latin word "quorum", which means "the number of people required to make a decision".   Corum quickly gained a reputation for producing high-quality and unique watches that blended traditional Swiss craftsmanship with contemporary design elements.

One of Corum's early notable achievements was the creation of the "Admiral's Cup" collection in 1960. This line of watches featured dodecagonal (twelve-sided) cases and nautical-themed designs, inspired by the international yachting regatta of the same name. The Admiral's Cup collection became an iconic and enduring part of Corum's legacy. Another famous Corum watch of that decade was the Golden Coin, introduced in 1965, with the watch being made from a 20-dollar gold coin.

In 1980, Corum introduced the "Golden Bridge" watch, which gained significant attention for its innovative design. The Golden Bridge was characterized by its transparent case and the vertically aligned, baguette-shaped movement, which was a breakthrough in watchmaking. This design showcased the movement itself as a central artistic element of the watch. In 2000, the Corum Bubble was introduced. It was fitted with an 11mm thick sapphire crystal, it created a magnifying glass effect which became the model's signature.

Throughout its history, Corum has been known for pushing the boundaries of watch design and craftsmanship. The brand has collaborated with artists, designers, and even celebrities to create limited-edition and artistic timepieces. These collaborations have included partnerships with renowned artists like Andy Warhol and designers like Jörg Hysek.

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Cottage Clocks

Cottage clocks were a were low priced clocks usually with a wooden case and were designed to be small and compact, for use in small cottages or rural homes. The case was usually made of wood with a painted or stained finish, while the clock faces round or oval in shape, and were typically white with black numbers and hands. Some of these clocks featured a raised or embossed design on the face, such as a floral or vine pattern. Some cottage clocks also featured a simple moon dial, which indicated the phase of the moon.

The movements of 19th century cottage clocks were often made of brass and were powered by a weight-driven mechanism, which required winding every eight days. Some cottage clocks also featured a pendulum, which helped to regulate the timekeeping.

Cottage clocks were sold by clockmakers and general stores and were considered a practical and functional item, but also a symbol of status, as owning a clock was a sign of being able to afford the luxury of keeping accurate time.

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Courrèges

The French fashion house Courrèges was founded in 1961 by André Courrèges (1923-2016). André Courrèges was a former engineer who turned to fashion after working as an assistant to Cristóbal Balenciaga. Courrèges' designs were known for their futuristic and minimalist aesthetic, which was inspired by the Space Age and the youth culture of the 1960s.

Courrèges' most iconic designs include the miniskirt, the go-go boot, and the geometric A-line dress. He also pioneered the use of new fabrics and materials, such as vinyl, PVC, and synthetic fibres. Courrèges' designs were embraced by young people around the world, and he became one of the most influential fashion designers of the 1960s. In the 1970s, Courrèges' designs became more sophisticated and feminine, but he continued to experiment with new materials and silhouettes. He also launched a successful line of ready-to-wear clothing.

Courrèges retired from fashion in 1993, and passed away in 2016 aged 92. His designs remain iconic and continue to inspire fashion designers today.

In 2018 the brand was acquired by Artemis the holding company French billionaire François Pinault and in recent years, Courrèges has experienced a resurgence in popularity.

 

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Cow Creamers

The popularity of cow creamers in the late 18th century and early 19th century is attributed to the Dutch or German silversmith John Schuppe, who worked in London, and may or may not have invented them. All the early cow creamers are silver, and the more familiar and affordable ceramic cow creamer, of which the unmarked Staffordshire models are best known, were not produced until the mid 19th century. Production ceased after the late 19th century, except for some collector editions.

The creamers were designed to hold milk or cream, with mouth acting as the pourer, a hinged or removeable lid in the centre of the back to add or remove the liquid, and a curled tail which acted as the handle. Sometimes the lid has a finial in the form of a fly or bee.

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Crackling and Crackle as a Decorative Technique

Crackle, also known as crackling, is a decorative technique that has been used in China for centuries. It is believed to have originated during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) and was primarily used in the production of ceramics, lacquerware, and furniture. The crackling effect was achieved by applying a glaze or lacquer that was formulated to crack during firing, creating a crackled pattern on the surface of the item.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD), crackle became a highly sought-after decorative technique, and it was used to create intricate and beautiful designs on ceramics and lacquer ware.

In Western decorative arts, crackle / crackling came into use during the Art Nouveau movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. The crackling effect was used to create a sense of movement and fluidity in the design of Art Nouveau pieces.

It was also used in the 1920s and 1930s during the Art Deco movement.

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Cragstan Toys

Cragstan Toys was a New York-based toy marketing and distribution firm which specialized in importing mechanical and battery-operated toys from postwar Japan. It is believed to have operated from the late 1950s through to the late 1960s.

The name "Cragstan" is believed to be a combined name of the names of the two company's owners. The "Crag" part of the name may have come from the name of one of the owners, Frank Stanton, who was an enthusiastic squash player. The "Stan" part of the name may have come from the name of the other owner, Stanley Kaplan.

Cragstan imported toys from a variety of Japanese manufacturers, including Daiya, Yoshiya, and Yonezawa. The toys they imported were often innovative and high-quality, and they quickly became popular with American children.

Some of the most popular Cragstan toys included the Cragstan Robot, a battery-operated robot could walk, talk, and even shoot a ball and was one of the first Japanese robots to be marketed in the United States; the Cragstan Spaceship which could fly and make sound effects; Cragstan Tin Windup Toys which were popular with children of all ages and featured a variety of characters, including animals, cars, and planes.

Cragstan Toys was a successful company, and its toys were popular with children all over the United States. However, the company eventually went out of business in the late 1960s. The exact reasons for the company's demise are unknown, but it is possible that it was due to competition from other toy companies, or to changes in the toy industry.

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Creamware

Creamware, also known as "Queens Ware" is the

cream-coloured English earthenware developed by Josiah Wedgwood in the 1760s.

The invention of creamware was the result of experimentation in order to find a

British substitute for imported Chinese porcelain, and the cream colour was

considered a fault at the time. The lightweight fine white earthenware with a

clean rich yellowish proved ideal for  tableware

and decorative items during the 18th and 19th centuries and is still produced

today.

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Credence Tables and Cabinets

Credence tables and cabinets are pieces of furniture that were commonly used in medieval and Renaissance churches. They were typically placed against the wall on either side of the altar and were used to hold the sacred vessels, such as chalices and patens, that were used during the Mass. Credence tables were small, narrow tables that were often made of wood and had a single drawer or cabinet. Credence cabinets were larger, more elaborate pieces of furniture that were typically made of wood and had several drawers or compartments for storing the sacred vessels.

They were also used to hold the bread and wine that were to be consecrated during the Mass. They were usually made of oak, and were often richly decorated with carvings, inlays, and gilding.

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Crenellated

An architectural term used to describe the battlements in a castle, but in decorative arts is used to describe items with a battlement style rim or cornice.

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Crewel Work

Crewel work is a form of embroidery that uses a fine, two-ply wool yarn to create designs on a fabric ground. The yarn is typically stitched using a needle to create a variety of textures, patterns, and designs. Crewel work is known for its delicate and intricate designs, which often feature floral and foliate patterns.

It is a traditional form of embroidery that dates back to the 16th century and was particularly popular in England and colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries. Crewel work is often used to decorate clothing, linens, and upholstery. It can be done by hand or by using a crewel embroidery machine.

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Crewenna Potteries

Crewenna Potteries was a pottery studio  in Nelson, New Zealand, established in 1962 by Harry and May Davis. The couple had previously run a pottery in Cornwall, England, and they brought their skills and experience with them to New Zealand. The company was known for its hand-thrown and decorated ceramics. The Davises used a variety of techniques, including stoneware, porcelain, and slipware. They also experimented with different glazes, creating a wide range of colors and finishes.

The Davises' pottery was popular with both collectors and the general public. They exhibited their work in galleries and museums around New Zealand, and they also sold their work through a network of retailers. Crewenna Potteries closed in 1972, but the Davises' work continues to be admired by collectors and ceramics enthusiasts. Their pottery is held in the collections of the Auckland Museum, the Canterbury Museum, and the Sarjeant Gallery in Whanganui.

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Cricket Cage

Chinese cricket cages, also known as "singing cricket cages," have a long history in Chinese culture. They date back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) and have been popular in China for over a thousand years. Cricket fighting was a popular pastime among the Chinese nobility and these cages were used to keep and raise crickets for fighting.

The cages were typically made of bamboo or wood and were designed to mimic the natural habitat of the crickets, with layers of soil and small plants. The cages were also decorated with intricate carvings and designs.

Cricket fighting was not just a hobby but also believed to bring good luck and prosperity to the owner. The practice of keeping crickets in cages was popular among the upper class, and the cages were considered status symbols.

In addition to cricket fighting, the singing of crickets was also highly valued and appreciated in Chinese culture. The chirping of crickets was considered to be a sign of good luck and prosperity, and cricket cages were also used to keep crickets for their singing.

Nowadays, Cricket cages are considered as a traditional Chinese craft and are often used as decorative items. They are still made by hand, and are valued for their beauty and craftsmanship.

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Cross Hatching

A decorative technique used in art, decorative arts, gilded frames and furniture to indicate light and shade through sets of parallel lines crossing each other at an oblique or right angle. The lines can be incised or engraved, as on metalware and ceramics, drawn or painted as in works of art and ceramics, or carved or applied as in furniture and mirrors. When used in art, the lines are usually very close together, whereas when used on ceramics, frames or furniture the lines may be much further apart effectively creating a square or diamond shape, which may contain further decoration.

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Cross Stitch

Cross stitch is a form of embroidery that involves creating a pattern or design by sewing X-shaped stitches onto fabric. The stitches are typically made using a needle and thread, and are made in a grid pattern, with each X-shaped stitch crossing over one or more fabric threads. The stitches are usually made with a single thread of embroidery floss, and the thread is passed over one fabric thread and under the next, creating the X-shape.

Cross stitch is one of the oldest forms of embroidery and has been used for centuries to create decorative patterns and designs on clothing, linens, and other fabrics. The technique is simple and easy to learn, making it a popular hobby for people of all ages and skill levels. Cross stitch patterns can range from simple geometric designs to more complex, detailed images such as landscapes, portraits, and characters.

Cross stitch is also used in the production of samplers, a traditional form of embroidery that features a variety of different stitches and patterns produced as a way to practice and demonstrate needlework skills.

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Crown Crystal Co.

The Crown Crystal Co. (Australia) was a glass manufacturer that operated from 1915 to 1988. It was originally known as the Australian Crystal Glass Company Ltd., and was founded in Wyndham Street, Alexandria, New South Wales. In 1926, the company amalgamated with the Australian Glass Manufacturers Company Limited's Crown Glass Works, and became known as The Crown Crystal Glass Works Co. Ltd.

The company produced a wide range of glassware, including pressed glass, cut glass, and crystal. It also produced glass bottles and containers for industrial and household use. Crown Crystal Glass was known for its high quality products, and its products were exported to many countries around the world.

In 1963, the company became a division of Australian Consolidated Industries Ltd. In 1972, it merged with the American company Crown Corning Limited, and became known as Crown Corning Ltd. The company continued to operate under this name until it was closed down in 1988.

Crown Crystal Glass was a major player in the Australian glass industry for many years. Its products were well-known and respected, and the company played an important role in the development of the Australian glass industry.

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Crown Devon

Crown Devon was a British pottery manufacturer that was founded in the late 19th century in the town of Devonport, England. The company, originally known as "Fieldings," was established in 1878, and it produced a wide range of ceramic items, including tableware, vases, and figurines. In the early 20th century, the company changed its name to "Crown Devon" to reflect its growing reputation for producing high-quality, hand-painted porcelain.

Throughout the early 20th century, Crown Devon established a reputation for producing high-quality, hand-painted porcelain with intricate designs. The company's porcelain was known for its delicate and detailed patterns, as well as its bright and vibrant colors. It also produced a wide variety of items, including plates, cups, saucers, figurines, and vases. Many of these pieces were decorated with gold and other precious metals, which added to their luxury and elegance.

Crown Devon was also known for its Art Deco-style pottery, which was produced during the 1920s and 1930s. This style of pottery was characterized by its clean, geometric lines and bold, colorful designs, and it was very popular during this time period.

In the mid 20th century, Crown Devon faced financial difficulties and the business closed in 1982.

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Crown Ducal

Crown Ducal is a British pottery manufacturer that was founded in the early 20th century in the town of Tunstall, Staffordshire, England. The company was established in 1913 by the entrepreneur Arthur J. Wilkinson, and it produced a wide range of ceramic items, including tableware, vases, and figurines.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Crown Ducal established a reputation for producing high-quality, hand-painted pottery with intricate designs. The company's pottery was known for its delicate and detailed patterns, as well as its bright and vibrant colors. It also produced a wide variety of items, including plates, cups, saucers, figurines, and vases. Many of these pieces were decorated with gold and other precious metals, which added to their luxury and elegance.

Crown Ducal was also known for its Art Deco-style pottery, which was produced during the 1920s and 1930s. This style of pottery was characterized by its clean, geometric lines and bold, colorful designs, and it was very popular during this time period.

Crown Ducal pottery was also known for its flambé glaze, a type of glaze that was created by applying a metallic glaze to the pottery while it was still in the kiln. This process caused the glaze to melt and flow, creating a unique, marbled effect on the surface of the pottery. In 1974 the business was sold to Enoch Wedgwood (Tunstall) Ltd and was subsequently closed.

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Crown Lynn

The Crown Lynn story is part of the New Zealand's heritage. Operating during the period 1948 - 1989, the factory produced domestic ware commonly used in most New Zealand homes in the 1950s.

The story began in the 1860s, at Hobsonville where a farmer, R. O. Clark, encountering drainage problems, made his own clay drainage pipes. Demand was such that he went into business as a manufacturer of bricks and tiles and began a family business which was to have a lasting impact on New Zealand households.

In 1931 Thomas Clark, the great grandson of the original owner joined the firm. He realised the opportunities and expanded into domestic ware, opening a porcelain Specials Department in 1937. During World War II  the Specials Department was declared an essential industry and moved into making vitrified mugs and cereal bowls for the American Forces in the Pacific. Until 1947 half the production from the specials department was exported to Australia. The Specials Department became a separate company in 1948, and was called Crown Lynn. Important designers employed by the company included Dave Jenkin, Mirek Smizek, Frank Carpay, Daniel Steenstra, Ernest Shufflebottom, Dorothy Thorpe.

By 1959 Crown Lynn Potteries had produced its 100 millionth article, and at their peak in the 1960's Crown Lynn employed 650 people in their Auckland potteries, manufactured around 17 million pieces of dinnerware annually in over 82 patterns and exported half of their production.

Crown Lynn became Ceramco in 1974 and diversified into a series of new interests, including electronics, appliance wholesaling and making acquisitions including Bendon lingerie. The Crown Lynn pottery factory closed in 1989, unable to compete with foreign competitors. Sir Thomas Clark died in 2005.

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Crown Staffordshire

Crown Staffordshire is a British ceramics manufacturer that has been producing high-quality fine bone china since the mid-19th century. The company was founded in 1847 by a group of businessmen, including Thomas Green and William Slater, in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, which was the center of the British pottery industry.

Crown Staffordshire gained a reputation for producing some of the finest bone china in England, with an emphasis on exquisite design and craftsmanship. In the early years, the company specialized in producing fine tableware, including tea sets, dinnerware, and decorative pieces.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Crown Staffordshire expanded its product line to include a wider range of decorative objects, including figurines, vases, and other ornamental pieces. The company became well-known for its animal figurines, which were sought after by collectors.

Throughout the 20th century, Crown Staffordshire continued to produce high-quality ceramics, and the company's pieces were widely acclaimed for their beauty and craftsmanship. During the Second World War, Crown Staffordshire played an important role in the war effort, producing ceramic components for aircraft and other military equipment.

In the latter half of the 20th century, Crown Staffordshire faced increasing competition from international ceramics manufacturers, and the company underwent a number of changes in ownership and management finally becoming part of the Wedgwood group in 1985, when the brand was discontinued.

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Cruffel Art Porcelain

Cruffel Art Porcelain was a small Australian ceramics studio founded in Melbourne in 1934 by artist and potter William Merric Boyd (1888-1959). Boyd was a member of the Boyd family, a famous artistic dynasty in Australia. His brothers Arthur and David were also artists, and his sister Mary was a writer.

Cruffel Art Porcelain was known for its high-quality porcelain tableware and decorative pieces. The studio's work was characterized by its simple, elegant shapes and its use of natural colors and glazes. Boyd often decorated his pieces with stylized floral and landscape motifs.

Cruffel Art Porcelain operated for only a few years, closing in 1938. However, the studio's work is still highly sought-after by collectors today. In recent years, prices for Cruffel Art Porcelain have been steadily increasing.

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Cuirass

A cuirass is a type of body armor that covers the chest and abdomen of the wearer. It is typically made of metal, such as steel or bronze, and is designed to protect the wearer from physical attacks, such as sword strikes or arrows. The cuirass is typically composed of two parts: a breastplate, which covers the chest, and a backplate, which covers the back. The two parts are fastened together at the sides, typically with straps or buckles.

It was an important part of a soldier's or knight's armor and was worn along with other parts of armor such as a helmet, gauntlets, and greaves. It was used to protect the wearer's vital organs, as well as to give them a more imposing appearance in battle.

The cuirass has a long history, it was used in ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt, as well as in medieval Europe. The design and construction of cuirass changed over time, with different cultures and periods using different materials, methods, and styles. The ancient Greeks and Romans used cuirass made of bronze, while medieval European knights used cuirass made of steel.

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Cupid Motif

The Cupid motif, which features the Roman god of love and desire, Cupid, was a popular decorative element in classical ornamentation. Cupid was often depicted as a winged, naked baby with a bow and arrow, and was often used to symbolize love and desire.

In classical art and architecture, Cupid motifs were often used as decorative elements on furniture, such as on the legs of chairs and tables, as well as on architectural elements such as friezes and pediments. They were also used as decorative elements in frescoes, mosaics, and other forms of art.

During the Renaissance, Cupid motifs were often incorporated into the decoration of palaces, churches and other grand buildings, as they were seen as symbols of love and fertility. Cupid motifs were also commonly used in the decorative arts of the Baroque period, often appearing in the form of putti, which are small winged cherub figures.

In addition to their decorative use, Cupid motifs were also believed to hold symbolic meaning, as they were thought to evoke feelings of love, desire, and fertility.

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Curtis Jere

Curtis Jere (1910-2008), also known as Curtis Freiler and Jerry Fels, was an American collaborative sculpture team consisting of Curtis "Curt" Freiler (1910-2013) and Jerry Fels (1917-2007). The duo worked together from the 1950s to the 1980s, creating sculptural works that were known for their unique blend of abstract and representational elements.

Curtis Jere's sculptures were often made from brass, copper, and other metals and incorporated a variety of forms, textures, and colors. Their works were highly sought after by collectors and are now considered iconic examples of mid-century modern design.

While Curtis Jere did not achieve the same level of individual recognition as some other sculptors of the era, their collaborative work remains highly regarded and influential to this day.

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Cut Steel Decoration

Cut steel decoration is a technique used in the production of jewelry and other decorative items that involves cutting steel pieces into small, faceted shapes and then attaching them to a metal base. These small steel pieces, often called "cut steel beads" are then arranged to form intricate designs, and then attached to a metal base to create a piece of jewelry. This technique was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly during the Georgian and Victorian eras.

The steel pieces were usually cut with a chisel and hammer, the process was time consuming and labor-intensive, and required a high level of skill. The steel was cut and shaped into small beads or other decorative shapes, and then polished to a high shine. These beads were then strung together or attached to a metal base to create a piece of jewelry or other decorative item.

Cut steel decoration was often used to create jewelry, such as necklaces, bracelets, and earrings, as well as other decorative items, such as buttons and buckles. The jewelry was particularly popular during the Georgian and Victorian eras, as it was considered fashionable and was relatively inexpensive to produce.

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Cutler & Co.

Cutler & Co is an American furniture manufacturer that specializes in producing high-end, handcrafted desks. The company was founded in the late 1820s by Abner Cutler.

Cutler & Co desks are known for their quality craftsmanship, attention to detail, and innovative design. The company uses traditional woodworking techniques and high-quality materials, such as solid wood and leather, to create desks that are both functional and beautiful.

The first Cutler & Co desk was the Classic Executive Desk, which was designed by David Cutler himself. The desk featured a clean and simple design, with a large work surface, ample storage space, and a curved front panel that provided a comfortable seating position.

The best known Cutler desk is the roll (or tambour) top, patented in 1850, and in the next few years the was granted seven patents related to the desk's mechanism. Cutler's design perfected the flexibility of the tambour that slid down to cover the desk top when it was not in use.

Over the years, Cutler & Co has expanded its product line to include a variety of desk styles, from classic and traditional to modern and contemporary. The company also offers a range of customization options, allowing customers to personalize their desks with a variety of wood species, finishes, and hardware options.

Cutler & Co desks have been featured in a number of high-profile settings, including the Oval Office and the White House Situation Room during the Obama administration. The company has also been recognized with numerous awards for its design and craftsmanship, including the Best of NeoCon Award and the Good Design Award.

Cutler & Co remains a leading American furniture manufacturer, known for its commitment to quality, craftsmanship, and innovation. The company continues to produce some of the finest handcrafted desks available, and its products are sought after by discerning customers around the world.

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Cyma

Cyma is a Swiss watchmaker founded in 1862 by the brothers Joseph and Theodore Schwob. The company was originally based in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, and specialized in the production of pocket watches. In 1892, Cyma partnered with Frédéric Henri Sandoz, and the company began to produce wristwatches.

Cyma became one of the leading watchmakers in Switzerland, and its watches were known for their high quality and craftsmanship. The company won numerous awards for its watches, including the Grand Prix at the Paris Exposition of 1900.

In the early 20th century, Cyma began to produce a variety of innovative watches, including the first wristwatch to be waterproof and the first wristwatch to be powered by a quartz movement. Cyma also produced a number of watches for the military, including the Cyma 5211, which was used by the Swiss Air Force during World War II.

In the 1960s, the quartz crisis hit the watch industry hard, and Cyma was forced to close its factory. However, the company was able to survive by focusing on the production of high-end watches. In the 1980s, Cyma introduced a number of new models, including the Cyma Caliber 88, which was one of the first automatic watches to be produced in Switzerland.

Cyma is a now subsidiary of the Stelux Group, and it continues to produce a variety of high-quality watches. The company's watches are known for their classic designs, their Swiss craftsmanship, and their high levels of accuracy.

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Cymric

An Art Nouveau hammered silver 'Cymric' rose bowl and stand by Liberty & Co, Birmingham 1919, the Celtic motifs and design by Archibald Knox and the stand inscribed Liberty & Co. Ltd Regent Street London.

A trade name used by Liberty & Co. for a range of silver objects released under the "Cymric" name in 1899. The designs were an Art Nouveau interpretation of the Celtic style, and often featured enamelled pictorial plaques, many designed by Archibald Knox. Liberty & Co had registered their own silver hallmark in 1894.

See also: Liberty & Co.

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D'argental

Saint-Louis Glass (Compagnie des Cristalleries de Saint Louis) is one of the oldest and most prestigious glassworks in France. It was founded in 1733 in the village of Munzthal, which was renamed Saint-Louis in 1767. The Saint-Louis glassworks quickly became known for its high-quality glassware, which was popular with the French aristocracy and royal court.

In 1924, Saint-Louis began producing a new type of glass called cameo glass. Cameo glass is a type of layered glass where different coloured layers are carved away to reveal the underlying layers, creating intricate designs. Saint-Louis's cameo glass was immediately popular, and the company adopted the brand name D'Argental for its cameo glass products.

D'Argental cameo glass is known for its high quality and craftsmanship. The glass is made with a variety of different colours, and the designs are often very complex and intricate. D'Argental cameo glass has been used to create a wide range of objects, including vases, bowls, glasses, lamps, and jewellery.

Some of the most famous D'Argental cameo glass designers include Paul Nicolas, René Lalique, and Emile Gallé. Their work is highly prized by collectors today.

D'Argental cameo glass was produced by Saint-Louis until the late 20th century. The company is still in operation today, and it produces a wide range of high-quality glassware.

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Daguerreotype

A daguerreotype is an early type of photograph that was developed in the early 19th century by French inventor Louis Daguerre. It is a highly detailed, direct positive image on a silvered copper plate. The process of creating a daguerreotype involved exposing a sensitized plate to light, which would then be developed and fixed to create a highly detailed and unique image.

Daguerreotypes were the first commercially successful form of photography and were popular in the mid-19th century. The process was relatively simple, but the equipment was bulky and expensive, and required a long exposure time, making it difficult to photograph people or moving objects. Daguerreotypes were typically used to photograph landscapes, still life, and architecture.

Daguerreotypes are unique images, as each plate could only produce one positive image, so reproductions were not possible. They are highly detailed, with a mirror-like surface and a unique tonal range. They are also fragile, as they are made of metal, they can be scratched, tarnished or tarnished, and it is not possible to remove the tarnish.

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Daisy Merton

Daisy Merton was an Australian potter who lived from 1889 to 1972. She is best known for her work as a studio potter, creating beautiful and functional ceramic pieces that are highly sought after by collectors today.

She was born in England, but moved to Australia in the early 1900s and began her career as an artist in the 1920s, working in a variety of media including painting, drawing, and sculpture. However, it was her work in ceramics that would make her name.

Merton's pottery work was heavily influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, which emphasized the importance of traditional craftsmanship and design. She was particularly inspired by the work of Bernard Leach, a British potter who played a major role in the development of studio pottery in the early 20th century.

Merton began making and decorating pottery in the 1930s, and developed a reputation for her skill and artistry. Her pieces were known for their simplicity and elegance, with clean lines and subtle glazes that highlighted the natural beauty of the clay.

Daisy Merton continued to work as a potter well into her 80s, creating beautiful pieces until her death in 1972.

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Daisy Ware

Daisy Ware pottery was a home-based pottery established by Irene Daisy Lucas (1908-2000) in 1960 in in Sylvania in New South Wales, after she had worked at Koala Pottery. She made a range of slipcast functional wares decorated with Australian flora in vivid colours or with lustre glazes and some wheel-thrown and sculptured pieces. She opened a shop in 1962 in Blakehurst and then moved to a property near Mittagong, New South Wales. She continued making pottery, passing away in 2000.

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Daiya

Daiya was a Japanese toy manufacturer founded in Tokyo in the mid-1950s. Their trademark was the letters "DAIYA" in a diamond shape. Daiya produced a wide range of tin toys, including civilian vehicles, space vehicles, robots, and other space-related toys. Many of their toys were battery-operated and had multi-functional features, such as operating lights and sounds.

Daiya's toys were popular in both Japan and export markets. They were known for their high quality and innovative designs. Some of Daiya's most popular toys included the Space Gun 577001, a brightly-colored metal toy gun that came with four projectiles that could be shot via the mechanism in the toy; Construction Crane, a battery-operated tin toy crane had a working hook and pulley system that could be used to lift and move objects and the Robot Walkie Talkie, a battery-operated robot toy could walk and talk and had a flashing light on its head.

Daiya's toys were produced until the late 1970s, when the company ceased operations, although the exact reason for Daiya's closure is unknown, but it is likely due to a combination of factors, such as rising production costs and increased competition from other Japanese toy manufacturers.

Daiya's toys are a reminder of the golden age of Japanese tin toy manufacturing.

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Damascene

Damascening is a technique used to decorate metal objects, such as swords, armor, and other metalwork, by inlaying different colored metals into grooves that have been etched or engraved into the surface of the metal. The technique is believed to have originated in Damascus, Syria, and was later adopted by other cultures such as the Japanese, Indians and Iranians.

The process typically involves etching a design into the surface of the metal, and then filling the grooves with a contrasting metal, such as gold or silver. The inlaid metal is then burnished to create a smooth surface, and the design is polished to a high shine. Damascening can create intricate and highly detailed designs, and is often used to decorate weapons, as well as jewellery, and other decorative objects.

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Damask

Damask is a type of fabric that is characterized by its glossy finish, smooth texture, and intricate designs. The fabric is typically made from a combination of silk and other natural fibers, such as cotton or linen, and is often used to make clothing, upholstery, and other decorative items.

The origins of damask fabric can be traced back to ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire, where it was used to make clothing and other textiles.

The fabric is made by weaving the fabric in such a way that the design is created by the different reflectivity of the warp and weft threads, rather than by the use of dyed threads. The designs are often floral or geometric patterns and can be very intricate. The effect is a reversible fabric, with a glossy pattern on one side and a matte pattern on the other.

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Dame Lucie Rie

Dame Lucie Rie was born in Vienna, Austria in 1902 and received her education from the Vienna Gymnasium and the Arts and Crafts School. Her early ceramic pieces were influenced by a variety of styles, including late Neoclassicism, Jugendstil, modernism, and Japonism. In 1938, Rie fled to England to escape persecution and during World War II, she made and sold fine ceramic buttons to survive. In 1947, she was joined in her studio by Hans Coper, who was also a German-born artist.

Rie's innovative slip-glaze surface treatment and kiln processing techniques influenced a whole generation of younger British ceramists. Her work was renowned for its simplicity, precision, and elegance, often created through the use of "finger wiping" to achieve subtle surface textures. She was also known for her experimentation with glazes, producing a wide range of striking and subtle colours.

Rie held her first solo exhibition as a potter in 1949, and her work was showcased in the Arts Council Retrospective of 1967. She exhibited alongside Coper in Rotterdam in 1967 and Hamburg in 1972, and was the focus of major exhibitions in Düsseldorf, West Germany, in 1978, as well as at Sainsbury Place and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1981-82. Rie was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1991 in recognition of her contributions to the field of ceramics.

She continued working in her studio until her death at age 93 in 1995. Rie's unique style and contributions to the world of ceramics have made her work highly sought after by collectors and have earned her representation in major museums and galleries around the world, including the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

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Dame Nellie Melba

Dame Nellie Melba was an Australian opera singer who became one of the most famous sopranos of her time. She was born Helen Porter Mitchell on May 19, 1861, in Richmond, Victoria, Australia.

Melba grew up in a musical family and showed a natural talent for singing from an early age. She studied music in Melbourne and later in Paris, where she made her debut as an opera singer in 1887. She quickly gained a reputation as one of the most talented singers of her generation and was known for her beautiful voice and commanding stage presence.

Melba became a global superstar and performed in some of the world's most famous opera houses, including the Royal Opera House in London and the Metropolitan Opera in New York. She was particularly renowned for her performances of works by composers such as Verdi, Puccini, and Wagner.

Melba was also known for her philanthropic work and was involved in a number of charitable organizations throughout her career. She was awarded the title of Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1918 for her services to music and charity.

In addition to her career as a singer, Melba was also a successful businesswoman and investor. She owned several properties and invested in a number of companies, including the Australian radio industry.

Melba retired from performing in 1926 but continued to be involved in the music industry, mentoring young singers and supporting the development of opera in Australia. She passed away on February 23, 1931, in St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, at the age of 69. Melba is remembered as one of the greatest opera singers of all time and is celebrated as an Australian icon.

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Damiani Group

The Italian jewellery company Damiani Group was founded in 1924 by Enrico Grassi Damiani in Valenza Po, Italy, a town known for its goldsmithing tradition. Enrico was a skilled craftsman who began his career by making gold chains. He later expanded his business to include other types of jewellery, such as rings, bracelets, and necklaces.

In the 1950s, Damiani Group began to export its jewellery to other countries, and it quickly became one of the most popular Italian jewellery brands in the world. In the 1960s and 1970s, Damiani Group continued to grow and expand its business. The company opened new stores in Italy and around the world, and it launched new jewellery collections. Damiani Group also began to produce jewellery for famous fashion designers, such as Versace and Dolce & Gabbana.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Damiani Group continued to innovate and produce new jewellery designs. The company also launched new marketing campaigns that featured celebrities and supermodels. Damiani Group's jewellery became increasingly popular with celebrities and fashion icons, and it was featured in magazines and fashion shows around the world.

Damiani Group remains a family owned company and one of the leading Italian jewellery companies. The company has over 80 stores in Italy and around the world, and its jewellery is sold in over 70 countries. Damiani Group's jewellery is known for its high quality, craftsmanship, and elegant designs.

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Danbury Mint

The Danbury Mint was founded in Westport, Connecticut, by Ralph Glendinning and Ted Stanley in 1969, as a subsidiary of Glendinning Companies. Their first product was a series of medals commemorating the Apollo 11 moon landing. The Danbury Mint has since created many commemorative items—figurines, collector plates, dolls, die-cast cars, etc. —based on historical events and people. Examples include, Shirley Temple, Princess Diana, Barack Obama's inauguration, Corvettes, Hummel figurines, and gold Christmas ornaments.

In the early 1980s, the Danbury Mint was one of the fastest-growing companies in the United States. However, the company's growth slowed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as the collectable market declined. In 1991, the Danbury Mint filed for bankruptcy protection. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 1992, and has since continued to operate as a successful collectables company.

The Danbury Mint remains a leading manufacturer and marketer of high-quality collectables. The company offers a wide variety of products, including figurines, collector plates, dolls, die-cast cars, and jewellery. The Danbury Mint's products are sold through a variety of channels, including direct mail, catalogs, and retail stores.

The Danbury Mint remains a well-respected company with a long history of providing high-quality collectables.

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Daniel and John Wellby

The silversmithing firm of Daniel and John Wellby was founded in London in 1827 by Joseph Clement and John Wellby. The partnership lasted until August 6, 1828, when it was dissolved by mutual consent. The activity was continued at the same address by John Wellby, who entered his first mark at Goldsmiths' Hall in 1834.

In 1863, Daniel Wellby and John Henry Wellby (John Wellby's son) entered a new mark at Goldsmiths' Hall. The firm continued to operate under this partnership until 1896/1897, when it was converted into a limited liability company under the name D & J Wellby Ltd. The directors of the new company were Daniel Wellby, John Henry Wellby, Edward Henry Wellby and Howard Wellby.

Notable pieces produced by D & J Wellby include a tea service made for the Duke of Wellington in 1835; a dessert service made for the Duke of Devonshire in 1845; a wine cooler made for the Rothschild family in 1855 and a silver-gilt clock made for the Prince of Wales in 1865

D & J Wellby Ltd continued to operate until the early 20th century. The firm's work is characterized by its elegant designs and fine craftsmanship. The pieces are often decorated with intricate engraving or chasing, and they are sometimes set with precious stones.

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Daniel Houle and Charles Houle

The Houle family of silversmiths was a prominent family of silversmiths in London in the 18th and 19th centuries. The family was founded by Daniel Houle, who was born in France in 1720 and came to London in the early 1750s. Daniel Houle was a skilled silversmith, and he quickly established himself as a successful business. He was appointed as a "freeman of the Goldsmiths' Company" in 1756, and he was elected as a warden of the company in 1774.

Daniel Houle had two sons, Charles and Daniel Jr., who both became silversmiths. Charles Houle was born in 1755, and he was apprenticed to his father. He became a freeman of the Goldsmiths' Company in 1777, and he set up his own business in 1780. Charles Houle was a talented silversmith, and he was known for his delicate and intricate designs. He was also a successful businessman, and he expanded his business to include a shop in Paris.

Daniel Houle Jr. was born in 1760, and he was also apprenticed to his father. He became a freeman of the Goldsmiths' Company in 1783, and he set up his own business in 1786. Daniel Houle Jr. was a skilled silversmith, and he was known for his classical designs. He was also a successful businessman, and he expanded his business to include a shop in New York City.

The Houle family of silversmiths was one of the most successful silversmithing families in London in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their work is characterized by its delicate and intricate designs, and it is highly prized by collectors today.

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Daniel Quare

Daniel Quare (1648–1724) was an English clockmaker and inventor known for his contributions to the development of precision timekeeping instruments during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was born in Somerset, England, in 1648, but little is known about his early life and education. Quare established himself as a skilled clockmaker in London, gaining a reputation for his craftsmanship and innovative designs. He became a member of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers in 1671.

Quare is known for several significant inventions and improvements in clockmaking. One of his notable contributions was the invention of the repeating watch, a timepiece that could audibly chime the time when a button was pressed. He also developed precision regulator clocks, which were highly accurate timekeeping devices. These clocks played a crucial role in establishing standards for timekeeping, particularly for other clockmakers. In the late 17th century, Quare formed a partnership with fellow clockmaker Stephen Horseman, producing high-quality clocks and watches.

Quare gained recognition for his work and received royal appointments. He became the Clockmaker to King William III and later Queen Anne.

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Danish Deluxe

Danish Deluxe was an Australian furniture design and manufacturing company founded in Melbourne in 1958 by Neville Ashkanasy, John Westacott, and Borg Gjorstvang. The company was known for its high-end Danish-styled furniture, often influenced by Scandinavian design.

Ashkanasy and Westacott were both Danish immigrants who had come to Australia in the 1950s. They were inspired by the modern furniture designs they had seen in Denmark, and they wanted to create a similar style of furniture in Australia. Gjorstvang was an Australian furniture manufacturer who had experience in the industry.

The company's first factory was located in Huntingdale, Victoria. They started out by manufacturing furniture inder licence from Scandinavian designers, such as Hans Wegner and Niels Møller. They also commissioned leading local Australian designers, including George Kral and Max and Maggie May.

Danish Deluxe quickly became one of the leading manufacturers of mid-century modern furniture in Australia. Their furniture was sold all over the country, and they also exported to other countries. They were known for their high quality craftsmanship and their use of natural materials, such as teak and oak.

The company went out of business in the early 1980s, but their furniture is still highly sought after by collectors. Their pieces are known for their timeless design and their comfortable and stylish lines.

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Danske Mobler

Danske Møbler is a family-owned and operated furniture company in New Zealand that was founded in 1958 by Ken and Bente Winter, Danish immigrants who brought their Scandinavian design aesthetic with them. The company began in a small shed in Titirangi, Auckland, and quickly gained a reputation for its high-quality, stylish furniture.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Danske Møbler was at the forefront of the Danish mid-century modern design movement in New Zealand and Danske Møbler furniture became a popular choice for New Zealand homes.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Danske Møbler expanded its range to include outdoor furniture and imported pieces from other European countries. The company also opened new retail stores across New Zealand.

Danske Møbler remains one of the leading furniture companies in New Zealand. It continues to produce high-quality furniture that is inspired by Danish mid-century modern design. The company also offers a wide range of imported furniture from other European countries.

Some of the most notable Danish mid-century modern furniture designers and makers whose work has been sold by Danske Møbler include:

•    Hans J. Wegner: Wegner is one of the most celebrated Danish furniture designers of all time. He is known for his innovative and ergonomic designs, such as the Wishbone Chair and the Peacock Chair.

•    Arne Jacobsen: Jacobsen was a Danish architect and designer who created iconic pieces such as the Egg Chair and the Swan Chair. His furniture is known for its sleek, modern lines and its focus on comfort and functionality.

•    Poul Kjærholm: Kjærholm was a Danish furniture designer known for his minimalist and elegant designs. He often used steel and leather in his furniture, which gave his pieces a unique and industrial look.

•    Finn Juhl: Juhl was a Danish furniture designer known for his organic and sculptural designs. His furniture was often made from exotic woods and had a distinctive Scandinavian flair.

•    Børge Mogensen: Mogensen was a Danish furniture designer known for his simple and functional designs. He was inspired by traditional Scandinavian furniture, and his work is often characterized by its use of natural materials and its attention to detail.

Danske Møbler has played a significant role in promoting Danish mid-century modern design in New Zealand. The company's furniture is known for its high quality, stylish design, and its durability. Danske Møbler remains a popular choice for New Zealanders who are looking for furniture that is both stylish and functional.

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Daoguang Mark

The Daoguang mark on Chinese ceramics refers to the reign mark used during the reign of Emperor Daoguang (1821-1850) of the Qing Dynasty in China. Emperor Daoguang's reign was marked by significant political, social, and cultural developments, including the production of ceramics.

The Daoguang mark typically appears as a six-character mark written in seal script. The mark reads "Daoguang Nian Zhi" (????), which translates to "Made during the Daoguang Reign." This mark was commonly used on porcelain items produced during the Daoguang period.

During the Daoguang era, the production of porcelain continued to flourish, and there was a wide range of ceramics created, including blue and white porcelain, famille rose, celadon, and monochromatic wares. The porcelain wares from this period often featured refined craftsmanship, intricate designs, and attention to detail.

It's important to note that while the Daoguang mark indicates the reign period when the ceramics were produced, it doesn't necessarily imply that the emperor himself oversaw or directly commissioned the pieces. The mark primarily serves as an indication of the historical context and the time of production.

Collectors and enthusiasts of Chinese ceramics often value items with the Daoguang mark for their historical significance and association with the Qing Dynasty. The mark can also provide insights into the dating and authenticity of the pieces, contributing to their value and desirability in the market.

When collecting or evaluating ceramics with the Daoguang mark, it is essential to consider other factors such as the quality of the craftsmanship, the style and technique used, and the overall condition of the piece. Consulting experts, reference books, and reputable dealers can help further enhance knowledge and understanding of Daoguang-marked ceramics.

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Darbyshire Pottery

Jean and Bill Darbyshire established the Darbyshire Pottery in Perth, Western Australia in 1946. From her early years Jean was interested in pottery and took lessons from the well known potter of the 1930s and 1940s Flora Landells. Following World War II the Darbyshires purchased a small kiln and made an assortment of small eggcups and salt and pepper shakers.

The business flourished and in 1952 they moved to a purpose built factory in Innaloo. The factory produced two lines of pottery. One was very decorative and included vases and sculptural items such as the popular series of Aboriginal figures. The second line was of functional items produced in bulk such as a wide range salt and pepper shakers in different themes.  

When import tariffs were lifted sales of both decorative and functional lines quickly fell away, and the company ceased operations in 1956.

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Dario Zoureff

Dario Zoureff (1923-2004) was an Australian furniture designer and maker who was active during the mid-20th century. He was born in Melbourne, Australia, and grew up in a family of furniture makers, which inspired him to pursue a career in furniture design.

He studied at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), where he honed his skills in woodworking and furniture design. After completing his studies, he worked for several furniture manufacturers in Melbourne, before starting his own workshop in the 1950s.

Zoureff quickly gained a reputation for his innovative designs and use of high-quality materials, such as solid timber, leather, and laminated plywood. His furniture pieces were characterized by their clean lines, geometric shapes, and functional design, and he was particularly known for his chairs.

His designs were influenced by a variety of styles and movements, including Scandinavian design, Japanese design, and the organic forms of mid-century modernism. He was committed to creating furniture that was both aesthetically pleasing and functional, and his pieces were designed to be comfortable, durable, and easy to use.

Some of his most notable designs include:

•    The Z-Chair: This chair is one of Zoureff's most famous designs, characterized by its fluid, curving lines and sculptural form. The chair features a laminated plywood seat and backrest, supported by a solid timber frame, and was inspired by the work of the Finnish architect and designer Alvar Aalto.

•    The Cube Chair: As the name suggests, this chair has a cube-shaped seat and backrest, with sleek, angled legs that give it a modern and minimalist look. The chair was designed to be both comfortable and functional, and is often considered a classic example of mid-century modern design.

•    The Ring Chair: This chair is another iconic design by Zoureff, characterized by its circular seat and backrest, which are supported by a curved, metal frame. The chair was inspired by Japanese design, and is both visually striking and comfortable to sit in.

•    The Tri-Chair: This chair features a unique, triangular seat and backrest, which are supported by a solid timber frame. The chair is designed to be lightweight and easy to move around, while still providing a comfortable and stylish seating option.

•    The Chevron Chair: This chair is distinguished by its bold, chevron-patterned upholstery, which is combined with a simple, solid timber frame. The chair is both stylish and comfortable, and is a great example of Zoureff's ability to combine form and function in his designs.

Zoureff's work was highly regarded during his lifetime, and he won several awards for his designs, including the prestigious Australian Design Award. His pieces continue to be sought after by collectors and enthusiasts of mid-century modern furniture, and are considered some of the finest examples of Australian furniture design from the mid-20th century.

Dario Zoureff passed away in 2004.

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David & Robert Hennell

David & Robert Hennell were prominent silversmiths and retailers based in London during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Hennell family had a long and distinguished history in the silver trade, spanning several generations.

The story of David & Robert Hennell begins with David Hennell Senior (1712-1785), who was an accomplished silversmith and apprenticed under the renowned silversmith Pierre Platel. David Senior established his own workshop in 1749 and became a prominent figure in the London silver industry. He was highly regarded for his exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail.

In 1763, David Hennell Senior took his son, Robert Hennell (circa 1741-1811), as his apprentice. Robert quickly honed his skills and proved to be a talented silversmith. In 1768, Robert Hennell registered his first mark as a maker, and by 1773, he had established his own business at 52 Gutter Lane, London. Robert's reputation grew, and he became a member of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in 1773.

Around 1786, David Hennell Junior (1767-1821), the son of Robert Hennell, joined the family business. David Junior further expanded the enterprise, and in 1796, he and his father formed a partnership under the name David & Robert Hennell. Their workshop was located at 4 Gravel Lane, Southwark, London.

As silversmiths, David & Robert Hennell produced a wide range of silverware, including tea services, flatware, tableware, candlesticks, and more. They were known for their excellent craftsmanship, elegant designs, and meticulous attention to detail. Their works often exhibited neoclassical influences, incorporating elements such as fluted borders, engraved motifs, and refined handles.

In addition to creating their own silverware, David & Robert Hennell acted as prominent retailers of silver goods, offering pieces crafted by other renowned silversmiths of the time. They sourced silverware from notable makers such as Paul Storr, John Emes, and William Bateman, among others. This allowed them to offer a wide selection of high-quality silver items to their discerning clientele.

The Hennell family's business flourished throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, attracting a prestigious clientele that included nobility, aristocracy, and affluent individuals. Their silverware was highly regarded for its quality, craftsmanship, and stylish designs.

Following Robert Hennell's death in 1811, David Hennell Junior continued the business under the name David Hennell & Sons, with his own sons, Robert Hennell II (1793-1848) and Samuel Hennell (circa 1801-1882), joining the firm. The company remained successful, producing silverware until the mid-19th century.

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David Andersen

David Andersen (1843 - 1901) was a Norwegian goldsmith, silversmith and the founder of the David-Andersen jewellery company. He was born in Ostre Toten, Norway, and began his apprenticeship in goldsmithing in 1859 with Jacob Tostrup, a renowned Norwegian jeweller. In 1876, Andersen established his own goldsmith workshop in Oslo. He quickly became known for his high-quality jewellery, which was often decorated with enamel. Andersen also designed and produced silverware, tableware, and other decorative objects.

Andersen's jewellery was inspired by a variety of sources, including Norwegian folk art, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco. He was also influenced by the work of other European jewellers, such as René Lalique and Georges Fouquet. Andersen's jewellery was often characterized by its delicate designs and its use of precious metals and stones.

Andersen's jewellery was popular with both Norwegian and international customers. He exhibited his work at major international exhibitions, including the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900. Andersen's work was also featured in publications such as Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.

Andersen died in 1901 at the age of 58. His son, Arthur David-Andersen, took over the family business and continued to produce high-quality jewellery in the style of his father. The David-Andersen company is still in operation today and is known for its exquisite jewellery, which is often inspired by Norwegian nature and culture.

David Andersen is considered one of the most important Norwegian jewellery designers of the 19th century.

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David Brokenshire

David Brokenshire was a New Zealand architect and potter. He was born in Thames, New Zealand in 1925. After leaving secondary school, he joined the Royal New Zealand Air Force and served for two and a half years. During his time in the air force, he developed an interest in botany and would study and sketch local plants in his spare time.

After leaving the air force, Brokenshire studied architecture at the Auckland University College School of Architecture, graduating in 1951. He worked briefly for the Christchurch City Council before working with Dunedin firm Miller, White and Dunn on buildings at the University of Otago. He then moved to Christchurch-based architects Hall and Mackenzie, where he worked on the new Hermitage Hotel at Mount Cook Village, notably designing its octagonal restaurant, and various buildings for the new Ilam campus of the University of Canterbury, including the registry.

Brokenshire began working with pottery in 1951, alongside his wife Noeline, and became a full-time potter in 1979. He began potting by throwing on a wheel but following a workshop with Patricia Perrin in the early 1960s, who was teaching a hammer and anvil technique using large-scale coils, Brokenshire began making work through hand building.

Brokenshire's work has been exhibited widely in New Zealand and internationally, and is represented in many public collections, including the Auckland Art Gallery, the Christchurch Art Gallery, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Brokenshire died in Christchurch in 2014. He was a highly respected artist and his work is considered to be an important contribution to New Zealand ceramics.

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David Bromley

Born in Sheffield, England in 1960, David Bromley immigrated with his family to Australia at the age of thirteen. He began his career as an illustrator and comic strip artist. Bromley’s art is characterized by bold colors, high texture brushwork, and graphic intention, often featuring gold and silver leaf overlays.

He draws inspiration from childhood books and pop culture artists such as Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. His most famous series are 'Female Nudes' and 'Boy’s Own', combining contemporary views of femininity with the tradition of portraiture and showcasing the excitement and adventure of childhood, respectively.

Bromley has been a finalist for the Archibald Prize five times and has held over 30 national solo exhibitions, with his works appearing in galleries around the world. He has also painted portraits of Australian celebrities such as Kylie Minogue and Hugo Weaving. In recent years, Bromley has expanded his work to include furniture and interiors, creating large wallpaper murals and customized Classical French and industrial antiques.

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David Souter

David Henry Souter was an Australian artist and designer who worked for the Royal Doulton company in the early 20th century. He was known for his unique and colorful designs, which were often inspired by Australian flora and fauna.

Souter began working for Royal Doulton in 1912 and continued to design wares for the company until the mid-1920s. During this time, he created a variety of patterns for Royal Doulton's popular "Series Ware" line, which featured scenes and designs based on a particular theme or subject.

Souter had a great love for cats and his designs often capture the playful and mischievous nature of these beloved pets.

One of his most popular cat designs is the "Kitten" series, which features a variety of playful kitten scenes. These designs are often brightly colored and highly detailed, with a great deal of attention paid to capturing the unique personalities of each kitten.

Another popular cat design by Souter is the "Puss in Boots" series, which features cats in a variety of adventurous poses and costumes. These designs are often highly stylized and full of personality, capturing the playful and imaginative nature of cats.

Souter's cat designs are highly collectible and continue to be popular with cat lovers and collectors today. They are a testament to Souter's skill as a designer, as well as his love for these beloved pets.

In addition to his work for Royal Doulton, Souter was also an accomplished painter and illustrator. He created a variety of works depicting Australian landscapes and wildlife, as well as illustrations for books and magazines.

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David Trubridge

David Trubridge is a New Zealand-based furniture designer known for his iconic lighting and furniture made from sustainable materials. His work is inspired by nature and often features geometric patterns and organic shapes. Trubridge is also a strong advocate for environmental responsibility, and his company is committed to using sustainable practices in all aspects of its business.

Trubridge was born in England in 1957 and studied naval architecture at Newcastle University. After graduating, he worked as a forester for several years before teaching himself to make furniture. In 1984, Trubridge and his family moved to New Zealand, where he set up a workshop in Havelock North.

Trubridge's work began to gain international attention in the late 1990s, and he has since exhibited at major design shows around the world. His work is also held in the permanent collections of several museums, including the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in Sydney.

Trubridge is best known for his kitset lighting, which is made from sustainable materials such as bamboo and plywood. His designs are known for their elegant simplicity and their ability to create a warm and inviting atmosphere. Trubridge also designs a wide range of other furniture, including chairs, tables, and beds.

Trubridge is a passionate advocate for environmental responsibility. His company, David Trubridge Ltd., is committed to using sustainable practices in all aspects of its business. The company uses sustainable materials, such as bamboo and plywood, and it produces all of its products in New Zealand, where it has a strong commitment to social responsibility. His work has been featured in numerous publications and has won numerous awards and he is also the recipient of the 2007 John Britten Award, New Zealand's highest design award.

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David Webb, Jeweller

David Webb was a prominent American jewellery designer who gained popularity in the mid-20th century for his unique and daring designs. His pieces often featured bold, colourful gemstones and intricate metalwork, and he was known for his use of animal motifs and ancient art-inspired designs.

Webb was born in North Carolina in 1925, but he moved to New York City in the 1940s to study at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. He started his career in the jewellery industry working as a designer for other firms before starting his own company, David Webb Inc., in 1948.

Webb's designs quickly gained popularity among the fashion elite of New York, and he became known for his bold and colourful creations. He was particularly renowned for his animal-themed jewellery, which featured lifelike renditions of creatures such as elephants, lions, and snakes.

One of his most famous pieces is a necklace he created for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which featured a gold and enamel frog with emerald eyes. Other notable clients included Elizabeth Taylor, who was a frequent customer, the Duchess of Windsor, who commissioned a gold and enamel bracelet with a Chinese-inspired dragon design and Barbra Streisand, Helen Mirren, Jennifer Garner and Beyonce.

Webb's designs often incorporated unusual materials, such as coral, jade, and turquoise, and he was known for his use of yellow gold. He also drew inspiration from ancient cultures, such as the Aztecs and Egyptians, and his jewellery often featured stylized versions of ancient motifs.

Despite his success in the 1960s and 1970s, Webb's business faced financial difficulties in the 1980s. Webb passed away in 1975 and the business was sold, but still operates stores under the Webb name in New York and Los Angeles. His designs continue to be highly sought after by the elite.

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De Sede

Swiss furniture manufacturer De Sede was founded in 1965 in Klingnau, Switzerland. The company has its origins in a small saddler's workshop that was established in 1890. The original workshop specialized in making high-quality leather goods, and this tradition of craftsmanship has been carried on by de Sede ever since.

In its early years, de Sede focused on making traditional leather furniture, such as saddles and riding boots. However, Haussener soon recognized the potential for creating high-end leather furniture that combined Swiss craftsmanship with contemporary design sensibilities.

De Sede quickly gained a reputation for its expertise in leather craftsmanship. The company sourced top-quality hides and employed skilled artisans who handcrafted each piece of furniture with meticulous attention to detail. This commitment to quality and craftsmanship set De Sede apart from other furniture manufacturers.

De Sede's mid-century modern furniture is characterized by its clean lines, simple forms, and use of high-quality materials. The company has worked with some of the world's leading designers, including Ubald Klug, Luigi Colani, Robert Haussmann, Ueli Berger, Hans Eichenberger, and Santiago Calatrava, to create iconic pieces of furniture that are still in demand today.

In addition to its mid-century modern furniture, de Sede also produces a range of contemporary and classic furniture. The company's commitment to quality and craftsmanship is evident in all of its products, and de Sede is considered to be one of the leading manufacturers of leather furniture in the world.

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Decor Bois

"Decor bois" is a French term that translates to "wood decor" in English. It refers to decorative elements painted on porcelain items that simulate decorations in timber, such as carvings.

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Decoupage

Decoupage is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf and other decorative elements.

Decoupage has a long history, with origins dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was used to decorate papyrus scrolls. The technique was later adopted by the Chinese and Japanese, who used it to decorate lacquered objects. In Europe, decoupage was first popularized in the 17th century, where it was used to decorate furniture and other household items. The technique then spread to other parts of Europe, and by the 18th century, it had become a popular pastime among the upper classes.

During the 19th century, decoupage experienced a resurgence in popularity, and it was used to decorate a wide range of items such as trinket boxes, picture frames, and even screens and wallpaper.

The technique can also be used on larger items such as furniture and even walls. The word "decoupage" comes from the French word "découper," which means "to cut out."

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Dedon

Dedon is a German furniture company specializing in outdoor furniture. It was founded in 1990 by Bobby Dekeyser, a Belgian textile engineer. Dekeyser was inspired by the traditional weaving techniques of the Philippines, where he had lived for several years. He began experimenting with new materials and techniques, and eventually developed a synthetic fibre that was both durable and weather-resistant.

In 1994, Dedon launched its first collection of outdoor furniture, which was an instant success. The company's furniture was praised for its innovative design and high quality. Dedon quickly became a leader in the outdoor furniture industry, and its products are now sold in over 80 countries around the world.

Dedon has collaborated with a number of world-renowned furniture designers over the years, including Jean-Marie Massaud, saud is a French designer who is known for his sleek and minimalist designs; Richard Frinier a Belgian designer who is known for his use of natural materials and organic shapes and Harry & Camila, a German design duo who are known for their playful and colourful designs. They have designed a number of outdoor furniture collections for Dedon, including the Babylon and Mbrace collections.

Examples of mid-century furniture by Dedon include the Nestrest Lounger, the Mbrace Collection designed by Jean-Marie Massaud in 2009 and the Luxembourg Collection designed by Richard Frinier in 2004.

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Demi Lune

Demi-lune is a French word translating to half-moon or crescent-shaped. In jewellery the demi lune shape is used in the design of pendants and earrings. The crescent shape adds a touch of elegance and femininity, and is often used to symbolize the moon or to evoke a sense of mystery and magic. In furniture design, a demi-lune table is a narrow, crescent-shaped table that is often used as an accent piece or in small spaces where a full-sized table would not fit. Demi-lune tables were popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and were often decorated with intricate carvings or inlaid designs.

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Denby Pottery

Denby Pottery has been producing pottery in Derbyshire, England since 1809. The company was originally founded by William Bourne, who established his pottery factory in the village of Denby. Over the years, the company has produced a wide range of pottery products, including tableware, cookware, and decorative items. Denby pottery is known for its high-quality craftsmanship and durability. In the 20th century, the company expanded its product line to include stoneware and porcelain, and it also began to export its products worldwide.

In 1851, Dent was awarded a gold medal for his work on the longcase clock at the Great Exhibition in London. He passed away in 1853, but his legacy lived on through his workshop, which continued to produce high-quality timepieces under the direction of his son.

Overall, Edward Dent was a notable figure in the field of clockmaking, known for his technical expertise, innovation, and high-quality craftsmanship.

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Denis O'connor

Denis O'Connor is a New Zealand-based ceramicist, sculptor,

and writer who has exhibited both in New Zealand and internationally. He was

born in Auckland in 1947 and studied at Auckland University College (1966-69),

where he majored in English and History. After graduating, he worked as a

teacher for several years before turning to art full-time.

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Dennis Lillee

Dennis Lillee is a legendary Australian cricketer, widely considered as one of the greatest fast bowlers of all time. He was born on July 18, 1949, in Subiaco, Western Australia, and grew up with a passion for cricket.

Lillee made his debut for the Australian cricket team in 1971 against England, but it was in the mid-1970s that he established himself as one of the most feared bowlers in the world. He was known for his aggressive and intimidating style of bowling, which often saw him reach speeds of over 150 km/h.

Throughout his career, Lillee played 70 Test matches for Australia and took 355 wickets at an average of 23.92. He also played 63 One Day International matches and took 103 wickets at an average of 20.82. He was the leading wicket-taker in Test cricket on three separate occasions.

Lillee's career was not without its challenges, as he suffered a serious back injury in 1973 that threatened to end his career. However, he worked hard to overcome the injury and came back stronger than ever, helping Australia win the 1975 and 1983 Cricket World Cups.

In addition to his cricketing achievements, Lillee was also known for his innovative approach to cricket equipment. He developed the first carbon-fibre cricket bat, which he used during his career, and also pioneered the use of protective helmets for fast bowlers.

After retiring from cricket, Lillee worked as a cricket coach and mentor, helping to develop the next generation of Australian cricketers. He was inducted into the International Cricket Council Hall of Fame in 2009, cementing his status as one of the greatest cricketers of all time.

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Dep (france)

 The DEP doll company was founded in 1920 in France by the Delord family. The company's name is an acronym for "Delord et Père" (Delord and Father). DEP dolls were initially made of papier-mâché, but they later switched to composition and vinyl. The company was known for its high-quality dolls, which were often dressed in fashionable clothing. DEP dolls were also popular for their realistic features.

In the 1950s, DEP dolls became increasingly popular in the United States. The company's dolls were featured in magazines such as Life and Look, and they were also sold in department stores such as Macy's and Gimbels. DEP dolls were also popular with collectors, and some of the company's early dolls are now considered to be valuable antiques.

Some of the most popular DEP dolls include the Bébé Jumeaux (Twin Babies) doll, which was made of papier-mâché and dressed in matching outfits; the Petite Poupée (Little Doll) doll, which was made of composition and dressed in a variety of fashionable outfits; the Soeurette (Little Sister) doll, which was made of vinyl and dressed in a classic French sailor outfit; and the Princesse (Princess) doll, which was made of vinyl and dressed in a lavish princess gown.

The DEP doll company ceased production in the 1980s. However, the company's dolls are still sought after by collectors today. DEP dolls are known for their beauty, quality, and historical significance.

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Depression Glass

 Australian Depression Glass refers to a type of glassware that was produced in Australia that was mass-produced and sold at low prices during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

The production of Depression Glass in Australia began in the early 1930s when local manufacturers started to produce glassware that was similar in style and quality to the glassware that was being produced in the United States. Many of these manufacturers were located in the city of Sydney, which became a hub for the production of Depression Glass in Australia.

Some of the most well-known manufacturers of Australian Depression Glass include Crown Crystal Glass, James A Jobling & Co, and Cospak Glass. These companies produced a range of glassware, including bowls, plates, vases, and other decorative items. The glassware was often produced in bright colors, such as pink, green, and blue, and was characterized by its simple, elegant designs.

The popularity of Depression Glass in Australia began to decline in the mid-1930s as the country started to recover from the economic hardships of the Depression. However, the glassware has remained popular among collectors, and today, Australian Depression Glass is highly collectable.

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Derby Porcelain C1750-1846

Derby porcelain refers to the fine porcelain produced by the Derby factory in Derby, England, from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century with the exact start and authorship remaining uncertain. The production of porcelain in Derby actually predates the work by Andrew Planche and William Duesbury in 1756, who joined Andrew Planche and John Heath in creating the Nottingham Road factory, later known as Royal Crown Derby and it quickly became one of the leading porcelain manufacturers in England.

The early Derby porcelain was heavily influenced by the Meissen factory in Germany, and featured finely detailed, brightly colored painted scenes, often with ornate gilding. Some of the most popular early designs included figurines, tableware, and vases, which were often adorned with floral motifs, landscapes, and other decorative elements.

In the late 18th century, the factory began to produce more innovative designs, including the famous "Crown Derby" pattern, which featured a distinctive blue and gold color scheme. Other notable designs from this period included the "Imari" pattern, which incorporated Japanese-inspired motifs, and the "Old Paris" pattern, which was based on French designs.

During the 19th century, the Derby factory faced increasing competition from other porcelain manufacturers in England, and its production declined. In 1811, the factory was sold to Robert Bloor, who renamed it "Bloor Derby" and continued to produce high-quality porcelain. The factory closed after Bloor's death in 1846.

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Derek Smith

Derek Smith (1931-2019) was a British-Australian ceramic artist who was known for his functional and decorative pottery. He was born in Birmingham, England, in 1931 and studied ceramics at the Birmingham School of Art. In 1956, he moved to Australia, where he taught ceramics at various schools and established his own studio in Hobart, Tasmania.

Smith's work is characterized by its simple forms, its use of bold colors, and its emphasis on functional design. He often used local materials in his work, such as Australian clays and glazes. His pottery was inspired by a variety of sources, including Japanese ceramics, Aboriginal art, and the work of other contemporary ceramic artists.

Smith's work has been exhibited in major galleries and museums around the world. He has won numerous awards for his work, including the Royal Australian Institute of Architects' Robin Boyd Award for Ceramics in 1992. He was also a member of the Australian Ceramic Circle and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.

Smith died in Hobart, Tasmania, in 2019. His work is still widely admired and collected by ceramic enthusiasts around the world.

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Deruta Pottery

Pottery has been produced in the town of Deruta, in the region of Umbria, Italy for several centuries. The history of Deruta pottery can be traced back to the 15th century, when the town was a center of ceramic production. The production of pottery in Deruta was heavily influenced by the neighboring town of Gubbio, which was known for its high-quality ceramics.

During the Renaissance, Deruta pottery gained reputation for its high-quality, ornate ceramics, decorated with intricate designs, usually made of blue and gold. In the 16th century, Deruta's ceramics became so famous that it attracted many potters from other regions of Italy. At this time, Deruta's potters began to produce a wide variety of ceramic wares, including plates, bowls, vases, and other decorative items.

In the 19th century, Deruta pottery faced a decline due to competition from industrialized ceramic production. However, the tradition of hand-crafted pottery was kept alive by a few dedicated artisans, and by the early 20th century, a renewed interest in traditional crafts led to a resurgence of Deruta pottery. The pottery is known for its intricate designs, which often feature colorful geometric patterns and images of flowers, birds, and other decorative elements.

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Detente Escapement

A detente escapement is a type of mechanism used in mechanical watches and clocks. It is a variation of the lever escapement, and is known for its high precision and accuracy. The detente escapement is composed of two main parts: the escape wheel, which is driven by the watch or clock's mainspring, and the lever, which is responsible for locking and unlocking the escape wheel.

The lever has two pallets, one for locking and one for unlocking the escape wheel. The locking pallet stops the wheel from rotating while the unlocking pallet allows the wheel to rotate. As the wheel rotates, it pushes the lever, causing the pallets to alternately lock and unlock the wheel in a precise manner. This action allows the wheel to release energy in small, precise increments, which drives the clock or watch's hands. The detente escapement is considered to be one of the most accurate escapements available, and is often used in high-end timepieces.

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Deutsche Blumen

Deutsche blumen is a German term which translates to "German flowers." It is a decorative art style that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The style is characterized by a profusion of highly detailed and lifelike flowers, fruits, and leaves, typically arranged in bouquets or garlands.

The style was particularly popular in the manufacture of porcelain, with many German porcelain factories producing pieces in the style. These pieces were often used for table settings, and were highly prized for their beauty and craftsmanship.

Deutsche blumen was a reaction against the ornamental austerity of the previous rococo and empire styles, and was a reflection of the growing interest in naturalism and botanical illustration during the 19th century. The style is considered to be a precursor of the Art Nouveau movement, which emerged later in the century.

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Diamante / Rhinestone

A diamante and a rhinestone are both imitation diamonds made from glass, rock crystal or acrylic. Originally rhinestones were rock crystals mined from the Rhine river Rhine in the 18th century, but the term is now associated with any imitation diamonds. Diamantes and a rhinestones are used in costume jewellery, in clothing and accessories, and were especially popular in the 1930s,

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Diane Von Fürstenberg

Diane von Fürstenberg is a Belgian-American fashion designer best known for her wrap dress designs that became popular in the 1970s. She was born Diane Simone Michelle Halfin on December 31, 1946, in Brussels, Belgium. Her father was a wealthy industrialist and her mother was a Holocaust survivor.

She studied economics at the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland and later at the University of Geneva. She then moved to Paris to study fashion at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture. After her studies, she worked as an assistant to several famous fashion designers such as Cristóbal Balenciaga and was a model for several famous photographers.

In 1970, Diane married Prince Egon von Fürstenberg and became Princess Diane von Fürstenberg. She moved to New York City and launched her first collection of wrap dresses, which quickly became popular and synonymous with the empowered and confident women of the 1970s.

Her wrap dress designs were innovative in that they could be worn in a variety of ways, making them versatile and functional for women on the go. The success of her wrap dress line led to the creation of her own fashion label, Diane von Fürstenberg (DVF), which she relaunched in 1997. Today, DVF is a multi-million-dollar global fashion brand known for its elegant and timeless designs.

In addition to her fashion career, she has also been a successful businesswoman and philanthropist. She has served as the President of the Council of Fashion Designers of America and has received several awards for her contributions to the fashion industry. She has also been an advocate for women's rights and has been involved in various charitable organizations throughout her life.

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Diapet

Diapet is a well-known brand of die-cast model vehicles and toys that originated in Japan in the late 20th century. The Diapet brand was owned by the Japanese company Yonezawa Toys Co., Ltd. The company was founded in 1950 by Yoshitada Yonezawa and initially specialized in producing tinplate toys. These early toys included tinplate cars, robots, and other mechanical toys, which were popular during the mid-20th century.

In the 1960s, Yonezawa Toys recognized the growing popularity of die-cast metal toy vehicles. As a result, they shifted their focus towards producing die-cast model cars and trucks, launching the Diapet brand which gained a reputation for producing highly detailed and accurate die-cast model vehicles. Diapet models were known for their attention to scale and realistic features, making them popular among collectors and enthusiasts.

Yonezawa's toy division was transferred to Segatoys in May 1994. The Diapet name is still being used by Segatoys for a line of model trucks and buses.

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