Pair of Coulson Armchairs with Limed Oak Frames

• Provenance - A term used to describe the provable history of an antique or work of art, and thus an additional aid to verifying its authenticity. Provenance can have an inflating effect on the price of an item, particularly if the provenance relates to the early settlement of Australia, a famous person, or royalty. Less significant are previous sales of the item through an auction house or dealer.
• Limed / Cerused Finish - A process for finishing timber whereby the surface was covered with a coating of lime, which was subsequently brushed from the surface, but allowed to remain in the grain. The resulting surface with its streaking and speckling of white was usually left unpolished. The finish was popular for French furniture in the late 19th century, and English cottage style furniture in the early 20th century. Oak timber was popular for liming because its open grain retained a larger amount of the lime than other close grained timbers.
  
  Nowadays the same effect can be achieved by use of paint, or proprietry solutions for "liming".
• Oak - Native to Europe and England, oak has been used for joinery, furniture and building since the beginning of the medieval civilisation. It is a pale yellow in colour when freshly cut and darkens with age to a mid brown colour.
  
  Oak as a furniture timber was superceded by walnut in the 17th century, and in the 18th century by mahogany,
  
  Semi-fossilised bog oak is black in colour, and is found in peat bogs where the trees have fallen and been preserved from decay by the bog. It is used for jewellery and small carved trinkets.
  
  Pollard oak is taken from an oak that has been regularly pollarded, that is the upper branches have been removed at the top of the trunk, result that new branches would appear, and over time the top would become ball-like. . When harvested and sawn, the timber displays a continuous surface of knotty circles. The timber was scarce and expensive and was used in more expensive pieces of furniture in the Regency and Victorian periods.
• Fluting - A form of decoration found on many pieces of furniture, as well as ceramics, silver and clocks, in which round-bottomed grooves, of varying width and depth, are let into columns, pilasters, legs. As a general rule, flutes are cut in the vertical, though they may follow a turned leg in a spiral pattern. In cross-section, they may be described as a series of 'U' shapes, rising and narrowing at each end of the groove. Fluting is the opposite of reeding, with which fluting is often associated.

This item has been included into following indexes:

• Andrewartha Furniture Manufacturers (Australia) - furniture, designers and makers 2
• chairs, singles / pairs / threes, style or period - armchairs 1,732
• chairs, singles / pairs / threes, timber - oak 488